Turkish language
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Turkish vocabulary is the set of words within the Turkish language. The language widely uses agglutination and suffixes to form words from noun and verb stems. Besides native Turkic words, Turkish vocabulary is rich in loanwords from Arabic, Persian, French and other languages.
This article is a companion to Turkish grammar and contains some information that might be considered grammatical. The purpose of this article is mainly to show the use of some of the yapım ekleri "structural suffixes" of the Turkish language, as well as to give some of the structurally important words, like pronouns, determiners, postpositions, and conjunctions.
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See also: Turkish language § Vocabulary |
In the ninth century, Turks began to convert to Islam and to use the Arabic alphabet. When the Seljuk Turks overran Iran (Persia), they adopted for official and literary use the Persian language. Thus educated Turks had available for their use the vocabularies of three languages: Turkish, Arabic, and Persian.
When the Ottoman Empire arose out of the remains of the Selcuk Empire in Anatolia, its official language, Osmanlıca or Ottoman Turkish, became the only language to approach English in the size of its vocabulary (according to #Lewis). However, common people continued to use kaba Türkçe or "rough Turkish" which contained much fewer loanwords and which is the basis of the modern Turkish language.
With the advent of the Turkish Republic in 1923 came the attempt to unify the languages of the people and the administration, and to westernize the country. The modern Turkish alphabet, based on the Latin script, was introduced. Also, Arabic and Persian words were replaced, as possible, by: Turkish words surviving in speech, obsolete Turkish words, new words formed regularly from the agglutinative resources of Turkish, thoroughly new words or formations. However, still a large portion of current Turkish words have Arabic or Persian origins. Turkish has words borrowed from Greek due to the Ottoman Empire having conquered the Byzantine Empire. There are also borrowings from other European languages, or from the common technical vocabulary of Europe. In the latter case, the borrowings are usually taken in their French pronunciation.
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See also: Turkish grammar § Nouns |
Turkish nouns and pronouns have no grammatical gender (the same pronoun o means "he", "she" or "it"), but have six grammatical cases: nominative or absolute (used for the subject or an indefinite direct object), accusative (used for a definite direct object), dative (= to), locative (= in), ablative (= from), genitive (= of). There are two grammatical numbers, singular and plural.
The suffix -ci attached to a noun denotes a person involved with what is named by the noun:
| Noun | Noun + -ci |
|---|---|
| iş "work" | işçi "worker" |
| balık "fish" | balıkçı "fisherman" |
| gazete "newspaper" | gazeteci "newsagent", "journalist" |
The suffix -lik attached to a noun or adjective denotes an abstraction, or an object involved with what is named by the noun:
| Noun | Noun + -lik |
|---|---|
| iyi "good" | iyilik "goodness" |
| tuz "salt" | tuzluk "salt shaker" |
| gün "day" | günlük "diary", "daily" (adverb) |
| gece "night" | gecelik "nightgown" |
The noun in -im denoting an instance of action was mentioned in the introduction to Turkish grammar.
For more examples on word derivations, see the related article: List of replaced loanwords in Turkish.
Adjectives can be distinguished as being
For an intensive form, the first consonant and vowel of a (descriptive) adjective can be reduplicated; a new consonant is added too, m, p, r, or s, but there is no simple rule for which one:
| Adjective | Intensive Form |
|---|---|
| başka "other" | bambaşka "completely different" |
| katı "hard" | kaskatı "hard as a rock" |
| kuru "dry" | kupkuru "dry as a bone" |
| temiz "clean" | tertemiz "clean as a whistle" |
The determinative adjectives, or determiners, are an essential part of the language, although Turkish takes some of its determiners from Arabic and Persian.
These are also demonstrative pronouns. Used with plural nouns, these adjectives represent the English "those" and "these"; there is no such inflexion of adjectives in Turkish.
The cardinal numbers are built up in a regular way from the following:
| 0-9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sıfır | bir | iki | üç | dört | beş | altı | yedi | sekiz | dokuz | |
| Multiples of Ten | — | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
| on | yirmi | otuz | kırk | elli | altmış | yetmiş | seksen | doksan |
| Powers of Ten | 10 | 100 | 1,000 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000,000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| on | yüz | bin | milyon | milyar |
Units follow multiples of ten; powers of ten come in descending order. For example:
| yüz | kırk | dokuz | milyar |
| [one] hundred | forty | nine | billion |
| beş | yüz | doksan | yedi | milyon |
| five | hundred | ninety | seven | million |
| sekiz | yüz | yetmiş | bin |
| eight | hundred | seventy | thousand |
| altı | yüz | doksan | bir | metre |
| six | hundred | ninety | one | metres |
The cardinals are generally not used alone, but a general word for a unit is used, such as:
Remembering that the plural suffix is not used when numbers are named, we have:
From the cardinal numbers, others can be derived with suffixes:
The cardinal bir "one" can be used as an indefinite article. Other so-called indefinite adjectives might be listed as follows:
Added to a noun, -li or -siz indicates presence or absence, respectively, of what is named by the noun.
| Noun | Presence (-li) | Absence (-siz) |
|---|---|---|
| tuz "salt" | tuzlu "salted" | tuzsuz "salt-free" |
| umut "hope" | umutlu "hopeful" | umutsuz "hopeless" |
The suffix -li also indicates origin:
Finally, added to the verbal noun in -me, the suffix -li creates the necessitative verb.
The native speaker may perceive -meli as an indivisible suffix denoting compulsion.[1]
Added to a noun for a person, -ce makes an adjective.[2]
| Noun | Adjective (Noun + -ce) |
|---|---|
| çocuk "child" | çocukça "childish" |
| kahraman "hero" | kahramanca "heroic" |
Adjectives can generally serve as adverbs:
The adjective might then be repeated, as noted earlier. A repeated noun also serves as an adverb:
The suffix -ce makes nouns and adjectives into adverbs. One source (Özkırımlı, p. 155) calls it the benzerlik ("similarity") or görelik (from göre "according to") eki, considering it as another case-ending.
Adverbs of place include:
These can also be treated as adjectives and nouns (in particular, they can be given case-endings). Also, the suffix -re can be added to the demonstrative pronouns o, bu, and şu, as well as to the interrogative pronoun ne, treated as a noun. The result has cases serving as adverbs of place:
The following are used after the genitive pronouns benim, bizim, senin, sizin, onun, and kimin, and after the absolute case of other pronouns and nouns:
For example, a certain company may describe its soft drink as:
| buz | gibi |
| ice | like |
| "like ice", "ice cold" | |
However, another company may say of itself:
| Gibisi | yok. |
| its-like | non-existent |
| "There's nothing like it." | |
Thus the label of postposition does not adequately describe gibi; Schaaik proposes calling it a predicate, because of its use in establishing similarity:
| Eşek | gibisin. |
| donkey | you-are-like |
| "You are like a donkey." | |
| beni | küçümseyecekmiş | gibi | bir | duygu |
| me-ACC | s/he-will-look-down-on | like | a | feeling |
| "a feeling as if s/he will look down on me" | ||||
The particle ile can be both comitative and instrumental; it can also join the preceding word as a suffix. Examples:
Used after nouns and pronouns in the dative case are:
The following postpositions are case-forms of nouns with the third-person possessional suffix; they can be understood as forming nominal compounds, always indefinite, with the preceding words (see also Turkish grammar#Nouns):
Some samples include:
Some Turkish conjunctions are borrowed from Persian and Arabic.
The cumulative sense of the English "A and B" can be expressed several ways:
For the adversative sense of "but" or "only", there are ama and fakat (both Arabic), also yalnız (which is also an adjective corresponding to "alone").
For emphasis: hem A hem B "both A and B".
For the sense of English "(either)…or":
The pattern of the last two can be extended:
Ne is borrowed from Persian na(نه) which means no. The usage is the same in Persian.
(slogan on placard at demonstration);
Both çünkü and eğer are Persian; the latter is not generally needed, because the conditional form of the verb is available.
The Persian conjunction ki brings to Turkish the Indo-European style of relating ideas (#Lewis [XIII,15]):
Thus ki corresponds roughly to English "that", but with a broader sense:
The following is from a newspaper:
(Source: Cumhuriyet 19 July 2005.)
The verb-stem temizle- "make clean" is the adjective temiz "clean" with the suffix -le-. Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with -le:
The suffix -iş- indicates reciprocal action, which is expressed in English by "each other" or "one another".
(literally "We see one another"))
(But there are exceptions: sevişmek does not mean "to love one another" (from sevmek "to love") but rather "to make love with each other."
Many causative verbs are formed with -dir-.