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((Short description|Supercharger and Turbocharger))

((multiple issues|
((more footnotes|date=September 2023))
((One source|date=September 2023))
((original research|date=September 2023))
((missing information|aeronautic twincharger systems|date=December 2022))
))

A '''twincharger''' refers to a compound [[forced induction]] system used on some [[internal combustion engine]]s. It is a combination of an exhaust-driven [[turbocharger]] and a mechanically driven [[supercharger]], each mitigating the weaknesses of the other.

Twincharging does not refer to a [[twin-turbo]] arrangement, but to a setup where two different types of compressors are used (instead of only turbochargers).

== Overview and advantages ==
A mechanically driven supercharger offers exceptional response and low-[[Revolutions per minute|rpm]] performance, as it does not rely on pressurization of the [[exhaust manifold]] (assuming that it is a [[Supercharger#Positive displacement|positive-displacement]] design, such as a [[Roots-type supercharger|Roots-type]] or [[Rotary-screw compressor|twin-screw]], as opposed to a [[Centrifugal compressor|centrifugal]] supercharger, which does not provide substantial boost in the lower rpm range), but is less efficient than a turbocharger due to increased [[Internal combustion engine#Parasitic_loss|parasitic load]]. A turbocharger sized to move a large volume of air tends to respond slowly to throttle input, while a smaller, more responsive turbocharger may fail to deliver sufficient boost pressure through an engine's upper rpm range.

The unacceptable lag time endemic to a large turbocharger is effectively neutralized when combined with a supercharger, which tends to generate substantial boost pressure much faster in response to throttle input, the end result being a lag-free [[power band]] with high torque at lower engine speeds and increased power at the upper end. Twincharging is therefore desirable for small-displacement motors (such as VW's [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 R4 16v TSI.2FTFSI 90-133kW|1.4TSI]]), especially those with a large operating rpm range, since they can take advantage of an artificially broad torque band over a large speed range.

==Types==
A twincharging system combines a supercharger and turbocharger in a complementary arrangement, with the intent of one compressor's advantage compensating for the other's disadvantage. There are two common types of twincharger systems: series and parallel.

===Series===

The series arrangement, the more common arrangement of twinchargers, is set up such that one compressor's output feeds the inlet of another. A supercharger is connected to a medium- to large-sized turbocharger. The supercharger provides near-instant manifold pressure (eliminating [[turbo lag]], which would otherwise result when the turbocharger is not up to its operating speed). Once the turbocharger has reached operating speed, the supercharger can either continue compounding the pressurized air to the turbocharger inlet (yielding elevated intake pressures), or it can be bypassed and/or mechanically decoupled from the [[Powertrain|drivetrain]] via an [[electromagnetic clutch]] and bypass valve, increasing induction efficiency.

Other series configurations exist where no bypass system is employed and both compressors are in continuous use. As a result, compounded boost is always produced as the pressure ratios of the two compressors are multiplied, not added. In other words, if a turbocharger which produces ((Convert|10|psi|bar|1|abbr=on)) on its own feeds into a supercharger which produces 10 psi on its own, the resultant manifold pressure would be ((Convert|27|psi|bar|1|abbr=on)) rather than ((Convert|20|psi|bar|1|abbr=on)). This form of series twincharging allows for the production of boost pressures that would otherwise be inefficient or unachievable with other compressor arrangements.

However, turbo and supercharger efficiencies do not multiply. For example, if a turbocharger with an efficiency of 70% feeds into a Roots supercharger with an efficiency of 60%, the total compression efficiency would be somewhere in between. To calculate this efficiency, it is necessary to calculate the efficiencies of the 2 stages, first calculating the conditions of pressure and temperature at the exit of the first stage and starting from these to calculate for the second stage. Following the previous example, for a first stage of the turbocharger with an efficiency of 70%, the temperature would reach ((convert | 88.5 | °C | °F)) after the first stage, to then enter the supercharger with an efficiency of 60% and leave at a temperature of ((convert | 186.5 | °C | °F)), resulting in a total efficiency of 62%. A large turbocharger that produces ((Convert | 27 | psi | bar | 1 | abbr = on)) by itself, with a [[thermal efficiency]] of around 70%, would produce air only ((convert | 166 | °C | °F)) in temperature. In addition, the cost of energy to compress air with a supercharger is higher than that of a turbocharger; if the supercharger is not compressing air, there remains only a small parasitic loss of rotating the working parts of the supercharger. This remaining loss can be eliminated by disconnecting the supercharger further using an electromagnetic clutch (such as those used in the VW 1.4TSI or Toyota [[Toyota A engine#4A-GZE|4A-GZE]] to bypass the supercharger in low-load conditions).

With series twincharging, the turbocharger can be of a less expensive and more durable [[Plain bearing|journal bearing]] variety, and the sacrifice in boost response is more than made up for by the instant-on nature of positive-displacement superchargers. While the weight and cost of the supercharger assembly are always a factor, the inefficiency of the supercharger is minimized once the turbocharger reaches operating speed and the supercharger is effectively disconnected by the bypass valve.

===Parallel===

Parallel arrangements typically require the use of a bypass or diverter valve to allow one or both compressors to feed the engine optimally. If no valve was used and both compressors were merely routed directly to the intake manifold, the supercharger would blow backwards through the turbocharger compressor rather than pressurize the intake manifold, as that would be the path of least resistance. Thus, a diverter valve must be employed to vent turbocharger air until the appropriate intake manifold pressure has been reached.

==Disadvantages==
The main disadvantage of twincharging is the complexity and expense of components. Usually, to provide acceptable response, smoothness of power delivery, and adequate power gain over a single-compressor system, expensive electronic and/or mechanical controls must be used. In a [[spark-ignition engine]], a low compression ratio must also be used if the supercharger produces high boost levels, negating some of the efficiency benefits of a lower-displacement engine.

==Applications==
The concept of twincharging was first used by [[Lancia]] in 1985 in its [[Lancia Delta S4]] [[Group B]] [[rally car]] and its [[Street-legal vehicle|street-legal]] counterpart, the Delta S4 Stradale. The idea was also successfully adapted to production road cars by [[Nissan]] with their [[Nissan March|March Super Turbo]].<ref>((Broken link|date=September 2023))[http://grandjdm.com/2007/12/09/march-superturbo-mighty-mite/ ''grandJDM >> March Superturbo: Mighty Mite!''] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112202212/http://grandjdm.com/2007/12/09/march-superturbo-mighty-mite/ |date=2008-01-12 )) (2007-12-09)</ref> Additionally, multiple companies have produced [[Aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] twincharger kits for cars like the [[Subaru Impreza WRX]], [[Mini Hatch|Mini Cooper S]], [[Ford Mustang]], and [[Toyota MR2]].

The Volkswagen [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.4 R4 16v TSI/TFSI|1.4 TSI]] is a 1400 cc engine – utilised by numerous automobiles of the [[Volkswagen Group|VW Group]] – that sees use of both a turbocharger and a supercharger, and is available with eight power ratings:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Power
! Torque
! Vehicles
|-
| ((cvt|103|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=on)) at 5,600 rpm
| ((cvt|220|Nm|0|lk=on)) at 1,500–4,000 rpm
| [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|VW Golf V]], [[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta V]], and [[Volkswagen Touran|VW Touran]]
|-
| ((cvt|110|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=off)) at 5,800 rpm
| ((cvt|220|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 1,250–4,500 rpm
| [[Seat Ibiza#Fourth generation (Typ 6J; 2008–present)|SEAT Ibiza IV]]
|-
| ((cvt|110|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=off)) at 5,800 rpm
| ((cvt|240|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 1,500–4,000 rpm
| ([[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] version) [[Volkswagen Passat (B6)|VW Passat VI]], [[Volkswagen Passat#2010 facelift (Passat B7)|VW Passat VII]], [[Volkswagen Touran|VW Touran]]
|-
| ((cvt|110|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=off)) at 5,800 rpm
| ((cvt|240|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 1,750–4,000 rpm
| [[Volkswagen Sharan#Second generation (Typ 7N, 2010–)|VW Sharan II]], [[VW Tiguan]], [[SEAT Alhambra#Second generation (Typ 7N; 2012)|SEAT Alhambra]]
|-
| ((cvt|118|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=off)) at 5,800 rpm
| ((cvt|240|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 1,500–4,500 rpm
| [[Volkswagen Eos|VW Eos]], [[Volkswagen Golf Mk6|VW Golf VI]], [[Volkswagen Jetta#Sixth generation (A6, Typ 1B)|VW Jetta VI]], [[Volkswagen Scirocco#Third generation .282008.E2.80.93present.29|VW Scirocco III]]
|-
| ((cvt|125|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=off)) at 6,000 rpm
| ((cvt|240|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 1,500–4,500 rpm
| [[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|VW Golf V]], [[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta V]], [[Volkswagen Touran|VW Touran]]
|-
| ((cvt|132|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=off)) at 6,200 rpm
| ((cvt|250|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 2,000–4,500 rpm
| [[Volkswagen Polo Mk5|VW Polo V]], [[Seat Ibiza#Fourth generation (Typ 6J; 2008–present)|SEAT Ibiza Cupra]], [[Skoda Fabia#Second generation (Typ 5J; 2007–present)|Škoda Fabia II]]
|-
| ((cvt|136|kW|PS bhp|0|lk=off)) at 6,200 rpm
| ((cvt|250|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 2,000–4,500 rpm
| [[Audi A1]]
|}

[[Volvo]] produces a twincharged 1969 cc inline-four engine that is utilised in their T6, T8, and Polestar models. The T8 adds onto the T6 with a rear electric motor.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Power
! Torque
! Vehicles
|-
| ((cvt|320|PS|kW bhp|0|lk=off)) at 5,700 rpm
| ((cvt|400|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 2,200–5,400 rpm
| [[Volvo S60#Third generation (2019–present)|Volvo S60 T6]], [[Volvo V60#Second generation (2018–present)|Volvo V60 T6]], [[Volvo S90#Engines|Volvo S90 T6]], [[Volvo_XC60#Engines_2|Volvo XC60 T6]], [[Volvo XC90#Second generation (2015–present)|Volvo XC90 T6]]
|-
| ((cvt|367|PS|kW bhp|0|lk=off)) at 6,000 rpm
| ((cvt|470|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 3,100–5,100 rpm
| [[Volvo S60#Third generation (2019–present)|Volvo S60 Polestar]], [[Volvo V60#Second generation (2018–present)|Volvo V60 Polestar]], [[Volvo_XC60#Engines_2|Volvo XC60 Polestar]]
|-
| ((cvt|408|PS|kW bhp|0|lk=off))
| ((cvt|640|Nm|0|lk=off))
| [[Volvo S60#Third generation (2019–present)|Volvo S60 T8]], [[Volvo V60#Second generation (2018–present)|Volvo V60 T8]], [[Volvo S90#Engines|Volvo S90 T8]], [[Volvo_XC60#Engines_2|Volvo XC60 T8]], [[Volvo XC90#Second generation (2015–present)|Volvo XC90 T8]] (with rear electric motor)
|}
Jaguar Land Rover produces a twincharged 3.0L inline-six engine. 
{| class="wikitable"
!Power
!Torque
!Vehicles
|-
|340 PS (250 kW; 335 bhp)
|495 N⋅m (354 lb⋅ft)
|P340
|-
|400 PS (294 kW; 395 bhp)
|550 N⋅m (406 lb⋅ft)
|P400
|}
The Danish [[Zenvo ST1]] supercar makes use of both turbocharging and supercharging in its 7.0-litre V8 engine.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Power
! Torque
! Vehicles
|-
| ((cvt|1104|hp|kW PS|0|lk=off)) at 6,900 rpm
| ((cvt|1430|Nm|0|lk=off)) at 4,500 rpm
| ST1
|}

==Alternative systems==

===Anti-lag system===
((main|Antilag system))

Anti-lag systems work in one of two ways: by running a very rich [[air–fuel ratio]] and pumping air into the exhaust to ignite unburnt fuel in the exhaust manifold, or by severely retarding ignition timing to cause combustion to continue well after the exhaust valve has opened. Both methods involve combustion in the exhaust manifold to keep the turbocharger spinning, and the heat from this will shorten the life of the turbine greatly. Therefore, in spite of twincharging's complexity, its largest benefit over anti-lag systems in race cars is reliability.

===Variable geometry turbocharger===
((main|Variable geometry turbocharger))
A variable-geometry turbocharger provides an improved response at varying engine speeds. With an electronically controlled variable [[Angle of incidence (aerodynamics)|angle of incidence]], it is possible to have the turbine reach a good operating speed quickly or at lower engine speeds without severely diminishing its utility at higher engine speeds.

===Twin-scroll turbocharger===
((main|Turbocharger#Twin-scroll))

A twin-scroll turbocharger design uses two separate chambers to better harness energy from alternating exhaust gas pulses. The chambers' nozzles may also be of different sizes, to better balance low-rpm response and high-rpm output.

===Sequential twin turbochargers===
((main|Twin-turbo#Sequential))

Sequential turbocharger systems use differently-sized turbochargers to decrease turbo lag without compromising ultimate boost output and engine power.

===Nitrous oxide===
((main|Nitrous oxide engine))

[[Nitrous oxide]] (N<sub>2</sub>O) is mixed with incoming air, serving as an [[oxidizing agent]] to burn more fuel for supplemental power when a turbocharger is not spinning quickly. This also produces more exhaust gases so that the turbocharger reaches operating speed faster, providing more oxygen for combustion, and the N<sub>2</sub>O flow is reduced accordingly. The expense of both the system itself and the consumable N<sub>2</sub>O can be significant.

===Water injection===
((main|Water injection (engine)))

For increased engine power, and to augment other benefits of forced induction, an [[Custom car|aftermarket]] water injection system can be added to the induction system of both gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines.

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/08/inside_vws_new_.html

[[Category:Superchargers]]
[[Category:Turbochargers]]

[[de:Twincharger]]

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