Its hunt involved King Arthur and his hosts and his hound Cafall, and was also deemed to require other recruited men of talent, other hounds, and additional equipment such as leash, according to the tasks (anoetheu) prescribed by the giant Ysbaddaden, though events did not always unfold as the giant foretold. The boar was brought out of Ireland, driven to Britain, and finally shoved off the cliff into sea at Cornwall.
The legend, in simpler form, dates much earlier, since Arthur's use of his hound Cavall (Latin: Cavall (base text, MS. MS. H), Latin: caball (MS. K), Latin: caballusMS. D1), Latin: caballus(MSS. D2 G) to hunt the boar (Latin: Troynt (base text, MSS.H K), Troit (MSS.C1 D G Q); or Terit (MSS. C2 L))[1] is glimpsed in a piece of geographical onomasticon composed in Latin in the ninth century, the Historia Brittonum.
A passing reference in the elegy Gwarchan Cynfelyn[2] (7th century), preserved in the Book of Aneirin, reckoned to be its earliest mention in literature.[3][7] Trwyth/Trwyd is also mentioned in several other pieces of poetry from the Middle Welsh period.[8]
The name in Welsh can be construed to mean "the boar Trwyth", and past scholars argued it may be analogous to the boar Triath of Irish mythology (see #Etymology and Irish cognate below).
The earliest reference to Trwyth in the Arthurian context[9] occurs in the tract De Mirabilibus Britanniae (or Mirabilia in shorthand), variously titled in English as "Wonders of Britain". The Mirabilia though probably a separate work,[10] believed to be near-contemporaneous to pseudo-Nennius's early ninth-century Historia Brittonum.[11]
It claims that Arthur was chasing the great boar Troynt [recteTroit[12]] assisted by his dog Cabal, and the dog left its pawprint in rock, somewhere in the region of "Buelt"[≈Buellt, the cantref of medieval Wales[13]], while pursuing the boar.[14] The boar Troynt /Troit is identifiable with Trwyth Trwyth of the Welsh romance of Culhwch,[15][16] while the dog is also recognizable as the dog Cavall of Welsh literature.[4]
Lady Charlotte Guest has conjectured that the route in pursuit of Twrch Trwyth (according to the Welsh romance source) must have passed through this cairn: "..across Carn Cavall and the Brecon Mountains [Brecon Beacons?] to Abergwy [the mouth of the Wye], where the Wye falls into the Severn below Chepstow".[17]
Culhwch and Olwen
Twrch is named as the son of Prince Taredd (Taredd Wledig[18]),[19] transformed by God for his sins into the form of a swine (hwch);[20][21] he has venom-dripping bristles,[22] and carries a comb, a pair of scissors, and a razor on his head between his ears.[23]
Culhwch is assigned the task (anoeth; pl. anoetheu[24]) by Ysbaddaden, the giant whose daughter Olwen Culhwch seeks, of obtaining the comb and scissors from Twrch's head.[25] Later in the story it transpires there is also a razor secreted there.[26][27][28] These implements are then to be used to cut and treat Ysbaddaden's hair (most of the tasks on the giant's long list are ultimately to do with this ceremony of hair-cutting). Further, Ysbaddaden states that the only hound who can hunt Twrch is Drudwyn, the whelp of Greid, and then goes on to list the requirements of the leash, collar, and chain needed to hold the dog, and Mabon ap Modron who must be recruited as the sole person capable of handling this dog Drudwyn for the hunt.[29] Additional dogs (the two whelps of the bitch Rhymhi, which will need leashes;[30][a] also Aned and Aethlem[31]) will be needed to hunt the boar, as well as additional manpower and accoutrements.[32] Although the sword (cledyf) of Wrnach the giant is prescribed as the sole weapon capable of killing the boar,[33][34][b] it is used by Arthur's men to commit murder of the giant, but does not get used upon the boar[c][35] Ultimately Ysbaddaden calls on Culhwch to seek out Arthur, Culhwch's cousin, to help him hunt Twrch.
The hunt for Twrch takes up the greater portion of the latter half of Culhwch and Olwen, and it is described in great detail, including the geographical route of the pursuit, and those who take active part in it. Although it is Culhwch who is given the task, it is Arthur and his men who take the most prominent role in the chase, Culhwch having successfully enlisted his aid.
Twrch Trwyth and its seven offspring were found by Arthur's host travelling to Ireland, but thence driven to Wales, and finally to Cornwall:[36]Menw son of Teirgwaedd is sent as a flying scout over Ireland to verify that the comb and scissors are between Twrch's ears. He takes the form of a bird and flies to Twrch's lair, encountering the boar with seven piglets. Menw then tries to swoop down and snatch one of the implements from Twrch's scalp, but only manages to take one silver bristle; Twrch is agitated and shakes himself, scattering venom onto Menw, wounding him.[37]
The boar encroached into "Tawy and Ewyas" (some place in southeastern Wales[38]) already having caused numerous casualties, so that Arthur mustered the troops at the mouth of the Severn (Welsh: Aber Hafren), and ordered the Cornish and Devon men to halt the boar there.[d] The men ultimately failed this, though they did manage to wrest the razor, scissors, and later the comb from the boar while it waded in the Severn's water. However when it touched its feet on the riverbed, the beast bolted away and could not be stopped till it reached Cornwall, where the boar was finally driven offshore, and it is not known where it went, still being chased by the dogs Aned and Aethlem:[39] thus the tale leaves the possibility of the boar's survival and eventual return.[40]
Yet another boar, Ysgithyrwyn or "White-Tusk, Chief of Boars", had to be captured for its tusk to complete the grooming of Ysbadadden.
Etymology and Irish cognate
As previously noted, the Welsh word twrch means "wild boar, hog, mole", so Twrch Trwyth means "the boar Trwyth". Its Irish cognate may be Triath, King of the Swine (Old Irish: Triath ri torcraide)[41] or the Torc Triath mentioned in Lebor Gabála Érenn,[42] also recorded as Old IrishOrc tréith "Triath's boar" in Sanas Cormaic; John Rhys was conducive to the idea that these Old Irish words or names had been borrowed by Welsh literature and recorded as Trwyth or Trwyd.[43]
However, Rachel Bromwich took a position contrary to Rhys, and was skeptical that there should be any reason to conclude there had to be any mutual borrowing between the Irish and the Welsh regarding the boar names.[44]
Bromwich regards the form Trwyth as a later scribal corruption and asserts trwyd to be the "original form"; also, the misreading of -d with -t in Welsh Trwyd, together with vowel shifts by copyist led to the Latinised forms Troynt or Troit.[45] Further evidence that Trwyd was the original correct form is found in the aforementioned reference in the Gwarchan Cynfelyn and later poetry.[e][46]
French analogues
It has been suggested that Trwyth the boar has been remolded as a human character or reconfigured into another boar in French romances.
The Knight of the Round Table named "Tor son of Ares" who appears in Chrétien de Troyes's romance Erec et Enide may have been reinvented out of "Twrch son of Tared" in Culhwch ac Olwen, an idea advanced by Idris Llewelyn Foster[47] Some scholars venture that the authentic patronym in the original lore gave the father's name as closer to "Ares".[48]
Another suggestion is that Trwyth was recast as a different in the story of Caradoc (another Knight of the Round) in the so-called Livre de Caradoc of the First Peceval Continuation. Here, Cardoc is angered to discover he was in fact illegitimate, a product of cuckoldry, and punishes the wizard who was his biological father by forcing him to mate with a mare, a greyhound, and a sow, each producing an offspring that became Cardoc's brothers.[49] Cardoc's sibling boar, named Tortain, was perhaps a rehash of the Welsh boar Trwyth, according to Gaston Paris.[50]
^Sheehan (2005), p. 7 spells as "Rhymi" but cites Bromwich & Evans (1992), p. xlviii to note that these whelps are "an anoeth [whose accomplishment] is missing from the text" and that the whelps (their leash) are "to hunt Twrch Trwyth".
^Bromwich's early examples is Gwarchan Cynfelyn : "Gweilging torch trychdrwyt / trychinfwrch trychethin" (italics hers) shows a "-t" ending. The next example is Cynddelw: "Keffitor ymdwr am drwyd hevelyt/ Twrch teryt y ar uwyd". The third is Gruffudd ap Maredudd: "milwr torch trin mal aerdwrch trwyt". Fourth is Iolo Goch, Syr Hywel y Fwyal: "A gŵr gwynllwyd, Twrch Trwyd trin,/ Nawswyllt yn rhoi farneiswin".
^Lady Guest (1849) had noticed this occurrence.[4][5] Later, Rhys (1885) credits Daniel Silvan Evans for noticing it, and naming Evans as translator of the poem in Skene ed., Four Ancient Books, Vol. 1.[6]
^Bromwich & Evans (1992), pp. lxv, 131. See p. lxv or explanatory notes below for quotations of these verses.
^Coe, Jon B.; Young, Simon (1995), The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend, Somerset: Llanerch Publishers, p. 56, ISBN9781897853832, The earliest association of Arthur with the Twrch Trwyth is in the Mirabilia attached to the Historia Brittonum
^Stevenson (1838), p. 56, note 3 "De mirabilibus Britanniæ. Although this apparently forms no part of the original work of Nennius..."
^Geoffrey Ashe, under entry "Nennius", in: Lacy, Norris J., ed., The Arthurian Encyclopedia, Peter Bedrick Books, 1986
^Fletcher (1906), p. 320: "Two names in the Mirabilia should be replaced by better variant readings, Troynt by Troit, and Anir by Amr".
^"a mountain in the district of Builth, to the South of Rhayader Gwy [i.e., on the River Wye], and within sight of that town". Guest ed., tr. (1849), p. 359
^Tasks #22 Drudwyn, #23 leash of Cors Cant Ewin, #24 collar of Canhastyr Can Llaw to hold leash, #25 chain of Cilydd Canhastyr to hold collar, #26 Mabon son of Modron to handle Drudwyn, among the 39 anoetheu listed by Edel (1983), pp. 263–264 and Dehghani (2006–2007), pp. 293–204 and 40 listed by Bromwich & Evans (1992), pp. xlvii–xlviii.
^#29 Garselyd Wyddel to hunt, #31 Cynedyr Wyllt to handle the bitch's two pups (#30 which require a leash made from Dillus Farfog's beard), #32 Gwyn son of Nudd to hunt (and #33 and horse Du for him to ride), #34 Gwilenhin, king of Frnce, to hunt, #35 Alun Dyfed's son to act as unleasher, #37 Arthur and his huntsman to hunt, #38 Bwlch, Cyfwlch, Syfwlch, and associates to hunt. Edel (1983), pp. 263–264 and Dehghani (2006–2007), pp. 293–204
^Guest tr. (1877), p. 239, "Cledyf wrnach gawr. ny/ledir vyth namyn ac ef"; p. 291: "The sword of Gwrnach the Giant; he will never be slain except therewith".
^Wilhelm, James J.; Gross, Laila Zamuelis, eds. (1984). "The Tale of Culhwch and Olwen". The Romance of Arthur. Vol. 1. Translated by Loomis, Richard M. New York: Garland. p. 97. ISBN9780824090982.
R (1830), "The Wonders of the Island of Britain", Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory, 2: 60– (unable to identity author by his monogaram "R")
(Critical studies)
Dehghani, Fiona (2006–2007). "The Anoetheu Dialogue in Culhwch ac Olwen". Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 26/27: 291–305. JSTOR40732062.
Fletcher, Robert Huntington, ed. (1906). The Arthurian material in the chronicles. Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature 10. Modern Language Departments of Harvard University/Ginn & Co. pp. 32–4. Archived from the original on 2008-03-11.
