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((Short description|Family of Russian weapon systems))
((more citations needed|date=November 2015))
[[File:53-65K torpedo MW.JPG|upright=1.3|thumb|A 53-65K torpedo on display in the torpedo storage areas of the former Soviet aircraft carrier [[Soviet aircraft carrier Minsk|Minsk]]]]

'''Type 53''' is the common name for a family of 53&nbsp;cm (21 inch) [[torpedo]]es manufactured in Russia, starting with the 53-27 torpedo and continuing to the modern UGST (Fizik-1), which is being replaced by the [[Futlyar]].

With the exception of the UGST which uses Mark 48 style monopropellants, Soviet 53&nbsp;cm torpedoes generally use electric power (since middle of World War II), or kerosene mixed with various oxidizers for propulsion. Russian torpedoes are often named descriptively for their characteristics – examples include "acoustic homing" or "electric torpedo", all in Russian acronyms.

==History==
===Early history===

Model 53-27 (1927) with ((cvt|265|kg|lb)) of [[TNT]] was developed domestically in the so-called ((Interlanguage link multi|Ostekhbureau|WD=Q4338659)), and it had a poor ((cvt|3.7|km|nmi)) range at ((convert|45|kn|km/h|lk=in)). In 1932 USSR bought in Italy several types of torpedoes, and the ((convert|21|in|adj=on)) model of Whitehead plant in [[Fiume]] (in the Soviet Union it was designated 53F) was considered superior. After adapting several features from the latter in unsuccessful 53-36 the decision was made to copy 53F. Resulting 53-38 (3 speed regimes, range up to ((cvt|10|km|nmi)), ((cvt|300|kg)) of [[trotyl]] in warhead) was later upgraded to 53-38U (((cvt|400|kg)) of TNT, roughly the same characteristics) and then redesigned in 53-39 (((cvt|317|kg)), up to ((convert|51|kn|km/h))), considered to be one of the fastest in the world at the time (another were secret Japanese oxygen torpedoes and the Italian Siluro Tipo W. 270/533, 4 × 7,20 Veloce).

===World War II===

The 53-38/53-38U, which had entered service in 1938–1939, were the main Soviet torpedoes in [[World War II]]; they proved to be fairly reliable and effective. The two deadliest sinkings in history (the German 25,484-[[Gross register tons|ton]] military transport ((MV|Wilhelm Gustloff||2)) and the troop transport ((MV|Goya||2))) were performed by two Soviet submarines using 53-38s on 30 January and 16 April 1945; both ships were hit on first attempt and sank within minutes in despite of difficult visibility conditions and the presence of escorts. Notably, all three torpedoes launched against ''Wilhelm Gustloff'' hit and exploded with catastrophic results, not a common feat in those times and conditions.

Another notable sinking with 53-38/53-38Us was the 14,660-ton ((SS|General von Steuben||2)). During the [[Black Sea campaigns (1941–44)]], Soviet submarines sank at least 29,000 tons of enemy shipping, mostly using mines, shellfire and 53-38 torpedoes.

The new 53-39 (entering service in 1941) was very fast and effective but only available in limited numbers, while the ET-80 (1942–1943) was the first Soviet electric torpedo and crews did not trust it because of its teething and rushed induction problems.

===Cold War===

The first Soviet torpedo with passive-homing capability was the SAET-50 (1950), which was an anti-ship weapon used on submarines. The 53-61 was the first Soviet homing torpedo to exceed 40 knots.

The 53-65 torpedo family are Russian made, [[wake-homing]] torpedoes designed to destroy surface ships. The 53-65 became operational in 1965, while the 53-65K and 53-65M both became operational in 1969. The 53-65KE is an exported version. China received an unknown number of 53-65KE torpedoes from Russia after purchasing four ((sclass2|Kilo|submarine|1))s in the 1990s.

The Type 53 torpedo is carried by almost all Russian submarines, including the Kilo class and the ((sclass|Akula|submarine)).

The Type 53-65 torpedo is considered a significant threat by the [[United States Navy]] because they do not respond to usual torpedo countermeasures; typical torpedo countermeasures are decoys that use noise to distract homing torpedoes, analogous to an aircraft's [[Flare (countermeasure)|flare]] or [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] systems, but the Type 53-65 uses sensors that [[Wake homing|follows the wake of a moving ship]], snaking through the ship's trail until impacting it, from up to ((cvt|11.8|mi|km|disp=out)) (((cvt|11.8|mi|nmi|disp=out))) away. The threat of wake homing torpedoes influenced the U.S. Navy to develop the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense (SSTD) system that employs a maneuvering Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo (CAT) that seeks and intercepts an incoming torpedo.<ref>[http://news.usni.org/2013/06/20/navy-develops-torpedo-killing-torpedo Navy Develops Torpedo Killing Torpedo] - News.USNI.org, 20 June 2013</ref>

===UGST===
The last entry in the class is the [[UGST torpedo|UGST (Fizik-1)]] heavy deepwater torpedo with a range of up to ((cvt|50|km|nmi)) (export versions are limited to 40&nbsp;km). It differs from most previous Soviet and Russian torpedoes in that unlike the previously dominant electric or [[High-test peroxide|peroxide]] propulsion, it uses the [[Otto fuel]] [[axial engine]], which allows it to have much extended range while keeping the speeds of up to 65 knots. It also features an updated homing system, which, in addition to the traditional passive [[wake homing]], features a [[phased array]] [[active sonar]] and an improved [[wire guidance]] system: previous Soviet torpedoes had the guidance wire spool in the torpedo body, with the wire released through the hollow [[propeller]] shaft, which had the disadvantage of the wire being prone to breakage, while the UGST has the wire release port on the side. Together with the towed extender spool, kept in the calmer portion of the wake, this makes the wire much more durable than before, though not as durable as the tube mounted spool (not used by the Soviets/Russian Navy as it interferes with the automatic reload systems). It was supposed to enter service in the 1990s,<ref>((cite news |url =http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTRussian_post-WWII.php |website = Tass| title =Torpedoes of Russia/USSR | access-date = 10 July 2021))</ref> but the teething problems and the lack of funding during that period made the deployment sluggish, and it entered the widespread service only in the 2015 by the Fizik name,<ref>((cite news | url =http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2017/march-2017-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4995-improved-ugst-fizik-torpedo-futlyar-to-enter-russian-navy-service-in-2018.html | title =Improved UGST / Fizik Torpedo "Futlyar" to Enter Russian Navy Service in 2018 | access-date = 10 July 2021))</ref> being quickly replaced by the new-generation [[Futlyar]] (''Fizik-2''). Sources refer to them as heat-seeking torpedoes.<ref>((cite news | url=http://tass.com/defense/883900  | website = Tass| title = Russian Navy to receive advanced Futlyar torpedoes |date=22 June 2016))</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:Torpedo SET-40 SET65 Kaliningrad 20190801.jpg|thumb|Soviet torpedoes of the types SET-40 (front) and SET-65, as manufactured 1965. The SET-40 carries 80&nbsp;kg of explosives and has a length of 4,50 metres with a diameter of 400 mm. It travels up to 7,5 km at a speed of 29 knots. Type SET-65 contains 205 kg of explosives, has a length of 7,90 metres and a diameter of 533 mm. It travels up to 15 km at a speed of 40 knots.]]
* 53-27L (First produced variant)
* 53-38/53-38U/53-59/53-56V and -56VA (Standard straight-running Soviet torpedo of WWII)
* 53-51 (First Soviet torpedo with pattern-running ability)
* 53-57/53-58/53-61 (Primary torpedo development family in the post-war era)
* 53-65/53-65K and -65KE/TT-3 (First mass-produced wake homing Soviet torpedo, included engine improvements)
* SAET-50 (First Soviet anti-ship homing torpedo)
* SET-53/SAET-53 (First Soviet anti-submarine homing torpedo)
* SAET-60/SAET-60M (Anti-ship homing torpedo, improvement over the SET-53 development)
* SET-65 Enot/SET-65M Enot 2 (First effective Soviet anti-submarine homing torpedo, active/passive homing)
* TEST-71 (Standard Soviet/Russian wire guided torpedo, active/passive homing)
* UGST (A 'universal' thermal torpedo, with pumpjet propulsor, active/passive homing)
* USET-80 (Current Russian submarine and surface ship torpedo, active/passive/wake homing)<ref>((cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Norman |title=Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems |date=2006 |publisher=US Naval Institute |isbn=1557502625 |pages=731–735 |edition=5th))</ref>

==53-65 specifications==
* Primary function: ASUW torpedo
* Power plant:
** 53-65 and 53-65M: Kerosene-hydrogen peroxide [[turbine]]
** 53-65K: Kerosene-oxygen [[turbine]]
* Length: ((convert|7.2|m|abbr=on))
* Weight: ((convert|2070|-|2300|kg|abbr=on))
* Diameter: ((convert|533|mm|abbr=on))
* Range:
** 53-65: ((convert|18000|m|yard))
** 53-65K: ((convert|19000|m|yard))
** 53-65M: ((convert|22000|m|yard))
* Speed:
** 53-65 and 53-65K: 45 kn (83&nbsp;km/h)
** 53-65M: 44 kn (81&nbsp;km/h)
* Guidance system: Wake homing
* Warhead: ((convert|307.6|kg|lb)) high explosive
* Operational since:
** 53-65: 1965
** 53-65K and 53-65M: 1969

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTRussian_Main.htm Site with information about Russian torpedoes]

((DEFAULTSORT:Type 53 Torpedo))
[[Category:Torpedoes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Cold War weapons of the Soviet Union]]

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