A typographic approximation is a replacement of an element of the writing system (usually a glyph) with another glyph or glyphs. The replacement may be a nearly homographic character, a digraph, or a character string. An approximation is different from a typographical error in that an approximation is intentional and aims to preserve the visual appearance of the original. The concept of approximation also applies to the World Wide Web and other forms of textual information available via digital media, though usually at the level of characters, not glyphs.
Historically, the main cause of typographic approximation was a low quantity of glyphs (such as letterforms and symbols) available for printing.
In the age of World Wide Web and digital typesetting, especially after the advent of Unicode and enormous amount of computer fonts, typographic approximations are usually caused either by low ability of humans to distinguish and find needed symbols or by inadequate replacement patterns in word processors,[1] rather than by lack of available characters.
Normative:
3 × 2 − 1
Approximated:
3 x 2 - 1
An ASCII approximation of an arithmetical expression
On typewriter, several characters were merged due to limited size of glyph repertoire. Several modern computing characters appeared by merger of different symbols, such as the "typewriter" apostrophe, ', which can denote an apostrophe proper, ’, a single quotation mark, or the prime symbol.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2012)
Non-spacing modifiers
Some typewriters have non-spacing keys for use as diacritical marks. After the typist pushes, say, acute accent ◌́ the caret does not move. This allows the typist to overstrike this mark by a spacing letter, say, e and obtain é, an accented letter. Due to geometrical restrictions of a monospaced font, the result could not always be perfect. For example, overstriking unlikely was a feasible method to produce uppercase accented letters, such as É.
Overstrike was used on line printers for the same function. This contributed to standardization of such characters as U+0060`.
Overstrike of the same letter was used to simulate boldface letters on line printers.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2012)
ASCII approximations
An ASCII approximation (above) may be ugly, but giving some representation of several symbols. Replacements of non-ASCII characters (others than default "*") are highlighted in yellow.
The US-ASCII character set and other variants of ISO/IEC 646 contains 95 graphic characters. It is comparable with a (Latin script) typewriter and insufficient for a quality typography. But high availability and robustness of ASCII character encoding prompted computer users to invent ASCII substitutes for various glyphs.
The following ASCII characters are used to approximate certain characters. Note that there are many Latin letters that are homographic to letters of other scripts, however those Latin letters are not listed below.
U+002B+ – various symbols with strokes extending to left, up, right and down.
U+002D- – probably an ASCII character the most used for approximations. A conventional representation of hyphen, an approximation of dash (especially as -- and ---), minus sign − and line drawing horizontal line ─ (see the image).
There exist various approximation for typographic alignment. For example, justification may be emulated with inserting of spaces, and flush-right alignment may be done by padding with spaces.
