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((more citations needed|date=October 2008))
[[File:Boundaries of the U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils.jpg|thumb|A map of the area managed by each U.S. Regional Fisheries Management Councils. This map excludes the Mariana Islands archipelago, American Samoa, and a range of remote island areas in the central and western Pacific which are under the jurisdiction of the Western Pacific Council.]]
The eight '''U.S. regional fishery management councils''' are the primary forums for developing conservation and management measures for U.S. marine [[fishery|fisheries]]. The regional councils recommend management measures for fisheries in the [[Exclusive Economic Zone|Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)]]; which are subject to approval and implemented by the [[National Marine Fisheries Service|National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)]].  The councils were established by the [[Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act]] in 1976. In 1996, revisions to the laws governing the regional fishery management councils were made by the [[Sustainable Fisheries Act]], which includes provisions to reduce [[bycatch]], consider the effects of management decisions on communities, and protect essential fish habitats.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Sylvia Spalding and Paul Dalzell|date=2009|title=Unique Entities-U.S. Regional Fisheries Management Councils|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56c65ea3f2b77e3a78d3441e/t/57446b03d210b84404263dd2/1464101638637/fisheriesjournal.pdf|journal=Current: The Journal of Marine Education|volume=25|pages=4–7))</ref>

The councils are composed of individuals with a stake in the fishery.  This includes [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] and [[State governments of the United States|state]] officials, primarily from the [[National Marine Fisheries Service]] and the [[Fish and Wildlife Service]].  Additionally, councils have at-large and obligatory members selected by state governors to represent non-government stakeholders and special interests such as commercial fishermen, fisheries scientists, and charter boat owners.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.fisherycouncils.org/|title=Home|website=U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-28))</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils'''
|-
! width="220" align="left" |Regional council
! align="left" |Note
|-
| [http://www.wpcouncil.org Western Pacific]
| The Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council’s jurisdiction includes the US exclusive economic zone (EEZ) waters (generally 3–200 miles offshore) around the State of Hawaii; US Territories of American Samoa and Guam; the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI); and the US Pacific remote island areas of Johnston, Midway, Palmyra and Wake Atolls; Baker, Howland and Jarvis Islands; and Kingman Reef. This area of nearly 1.5 million square miles is the size of the continental United States and constitutes about half of the entire US EEZ. It spans both sides of the equator and both sides of the dateline. The Council also manages domestic fisheries based in the US Pacific Islands that operate on the high seas.
|-
| [http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/npfmc/ North Pacific]
| The North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) is one of eight regional councils established by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1976 to manage the fisheries of the US. With jurisdiction over the 900,000-square-mile (2,300,000 km2) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) off Alaska, the Council has primary responsibility for groundfish management in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, including cod, pollock, flatfish, mackerel, sablefish, and rockfish species. Other large Alaska fisheries such as salmon, crab and herring are managed primarily by the State of Alaska.
|-
| [http://www.pcouncil.org/ Pacific]
| Develops [[regulation]]s for fisheries in the U.S. [[Exclusive Economic Zone|Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)]] off [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], and [[California]].  This area of ocean is also known as the [[California Current]] Large Marine Ecosystem.
|-
| [http://www.gulfcouncil.org/ Gulf of Mexico]
| Prepares fishery management plans for the [[Exclusive Economic Zone|Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (Gulf Council) consists of 17 voting members:<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/about/fishery_council_members.php Gulf Council Voting Members]</ref> the Southeast Regional Administrator of the [[National Marine Fisheries Service|National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)]], the directors of the five Gulf state marine resource management agencies ([[Texas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], and [[Florida]]), and 11 members who are nominated by the state governors, and appointed by the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]]. The Gulf Council currently has 10 fishery management plans that set management parameters for: Coastal Migratory Pelagics,<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/migratory_pelagics_management.php Gulf Council Migratory Pelagics]</ref> Red Drum,<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/red_drum_management.php Gulf Council Red Drum]</ref> Reef Fish,<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/reef_fish_management.php Gulf Council Reef Fish]</ref> [[Shrimp]],<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/shrimp_management.php Gulf Council Shrimp]</ref> [[Spiny Lobster]],<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/spiny_lobster_management.php Gulf Council Spiny Lobster]</ref> [[Florida Stone Crab]],<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/stone_crab_management.php Gulf Council Stone Crab]</ref> [[Coral]] and Coral Reefs,<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/coral_management.php Gulf Council Coral]</ref> [[Essential Fish Habitat]],<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/essential_fish_habitat.php Gulf Council Essential Fish Habitat]</ref> [[Aquaculture]],<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/aquaculture_management.php Gulf Council Aquaculture]</ref> and generic amendments<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/fishery_management_plans/generic_management_amendments.php Gulf Council Generic Management Amendments]</ref> in the EEZ of the Gulf of Mexico.<ref>[http://www.gulfcouncil.org/Beta/GMFMCWeb/downloads/species%20managed.pdf Gulf Council]</ref>
|-
| [http://www.nefmc.org/ New England]
| The New England council develops fisheries management plans for the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) off the coasts of [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Rhode Island]], and [[Connecticut]].  There are 18 voting members and 4 non-voting members in total.  The first member is the NOAA Fisheries Regional Administrator of the Greater Atlantic Region, they serve as the federal representative.  The next 5 members are the directors of the marine fishery management programs in each state.  The remaining 12 members are nominated by the governors of each state.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.nefmc.org/about|title=About NEFMC - NEFMC|website=www.nefmc.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-29))</ref> There are currently 9 fisheries management plans (FMPs) enacted in the New England region.  They focus primarily on economically and historically valuable fisheries such as [[Groundfish]] and [[Sea scallop|Sea Scallop]].<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last=Kim Iverson and Anna Martin|date=2009|title=Fisheries of the United States|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56c65ea3f2b77e3a78d3441e/t/57446b03d210b84404263dd2/1464101638637/fisheriesjournal.pdf|journal=Current: The Journal of Marine Education|volume=25|pages=8–12))</ref>    
|-
| [http://www.mafmc.org/ Mid-Atlantic]
|The Mid-Atlantic council is responsible for the 3-200 mile [[Exclusive economic zone|Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)]] off the coasts of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware]], [[Maryland]], [[Virginia]], and [[North Carolina]].  One of the largest councils, there are 21 voting members and 4 non-voting members.  Since the Mid-Atlantic council has seven states there are seven state representatives consisting of either the head of state marine fisheries management program or related designee.  Additionally, there are 13 private citizens appointed by the [[governor]]s of their states.<ref name=":1">((Cite web|url=http://www.mafmc.org/about/|title=About the Council|website=Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30))</ref>  The Mid-Atlantic council has Fisheries Management Plans involving multiple species at a time.  First, is the [[Summer flounder|Summer Flounder]], [[Scup]], and [[Black sea bass|Black Sea Bass]] FMP which successfully rebuilt the Black Sea Bass fishery.<ref name=":0" />  Second, is the Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish FMP.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.mafmc.org/msb/|title=Mackerel, Squid, Butterfish|website=Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30))</ref>  Third, is the Surfclams and Ocean Quahogs FMP which was the first plan in the United States to introduce Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ).<ref>((Cite journal|author1-link=Quinn Weninger|last=Weninger|first=Quinn|date=1998|title=Assessing Efficiency Gains from Individual Transferable Quotas: An Application to the Mid-Atlantic Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog Fishery|jstor=1244061|journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics|volume=80|issue=4|pages=750–764|doi=10.2307/1244061))</ref>  Finally, the Mid-Atlantic council manages [[Bluefish]]<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.mafmc.org/bluefish/|title=Bluefish|website=Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30))</ref> and [[Tilefish]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.mafmc.org/tilefish/|title=Tilefish|website=Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30))</ref>

The [[Monkfish]] and [[Spiny dogfish|Spiny Dogfish]] fisheries management plans are actually a collaborative effort between the Mid-Atlantic and New England councils.<ref name=":1" />  
|-
| [http://www.safmc.net/ South Atlantic]
|The South Atlantic Council maintains the fisheries management plans in [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[Florida]].  They are responsible for the fishing within the 3-200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and must account for the boundary interaction with [[Bermuda]], [[Cuba]], and the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://safmc.net/about-safmc/|title=About SAFMC|website=SAFMC|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30))</ref>  The council is made up of only 13 voting members and 4 non-voting members making it one of the smallest councils.  Despite being one of the smallest councils, the South Atlantic has 8 Fisheries Management Plans.  They primarily focus on economically valuable fisheries like the [[Sicyonia brevirostris|Rock Shrimp]] fishery.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Collier|first=Chip|date=November 2014|title=Observer Coverage of the U.S. South Atlantic Rock Shrimp Fishery, 2008 through 2013: Report to the Atlantic Fishery Management Council.|url=http://cdn1.safmc.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/28101849/A2_RockShrimp_Bycatch.pdf|journal=South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council))</ref>  Additionally, they have [[Coral]] and [[Sargassum]] plans unlike other councils which only have fish plans or an overarching habitat plan.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://safmc.net/fishery-management-plans-amendments/|title=Fishery Management Plans / Amendments|website=SAFMC|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30))</ref> 
|-
| [http://www.caribbeanfmc.com/ Caribbean]
| The Caribbean Council represents the [[Puerto Rico|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].  They are the smallest council with only seven voting members and 3 non-voting members.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanfmc.com/about_us.html#|title=CFMC About us|website=www.caribbeanfmc.com|access-date=2018-04-01))</ref>  The Fisheries management plans of the Caribbean region are primarily reef dwellers including [[Coral reef fish|reef fish]], [[coral]]s, and reef associated [[invertebrate]]s.  [[Queen Conch]] and [[Spiny lobster|Spiny Lobster]] are vital, economically important species in the region so they each have their own FMPs.  
|}

==Notes==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* ((cite report|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47645|title=U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|date=Aug 4, 2023|id=R47645))

== See also ==
* [[Fisheries management]]
* [[North Pacific Fishery Management Council]]
* [[Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council]]

((fisheries and fishing))

[[Category:Nature conservation organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Fisheries agencies]]

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