U.S. Route 80 (US 80) through Alabama is roughly 218.621 miles (351.836 km) long.[1] The entirety of US 80 through Alabama is called the Dixie Overland Highway. The route also makes up the entirety or components of several byways and scenic trails, including the Black Belt Nature and Heritage Trail, the Selma to Montgomery March National Historic Trail and the Selma to Montgomery March Byway, an All-American Road under the National Scenic Byways program.[2][3] US 80 also serves as the main route through Alabama's Black Belt region, named after the dark colored soil often used for farming and irrigation. Demopolis, Selma, Montgomery and Tuskegee are the four largest cities on the highway.[4]
Mississippi to Selma
US 11 and US 80 at the Alabama state line.
US 80 and US 11 cross the Mississippi-Alabama state line east of Toomsuba, Mississippi, sharing a concurrency starting in Meridian, Mississippi.[5] The two U.S. Highways are joined by a hidden Alabama State Route 7 designation starting at the state line.[1] Heading northeast, the route passes through the town of Cuba and intersections with Sumter County Routes 76 and 10. CR 10 shares a small concurrency with US 11/US 80 through Cuba.[3] On the northern end of town, US 11 and US 80 meet at a junction with a four lane divided highway starting at Interstate 20 and Interstate 59 to the west. Though unsigned west of the junction, the route is part of SR 8, which is the hidden state route US 80 shares most of its routing through Alabama with. US 80 turns east onto SR 8, ending the concurrency with US 11.[3]
Heading east, US 80 passes over a grade separated interchange with SR 17. The highway passes a junction with CR 13, the hamlet of Bellamy and CR 21 before reaching an intersection with SR 28 and CR 25. US 80, now multiplexed with SR 28, continues east across the Rooster Bridge over the Tombigbee River into Marengo County. Next to Moscow Church, SR 28 leaves US 80 heading southeast to Linden. Continuing east past CR 57 and CR 28, US 80 arrives in Demopolis at a junction with US 43 (SR 13). For a few blocks, US 80 and US 43 run concurrent, past Jefferson Road (CR 21). At the intersection with Pettus Street, US 43 goes southeast towards Linden while US 80 continues eastward past CR 2 and CR 77 into Hale County.[6][3] US 80 curves around Prairieville, intersecting with CR 12 and SR 69. US 80 and SR 69 run concurrent for less than a mile, before SR 69 heads north through Prairieville. After passing Prairieville, US 80 re-enters Marengo County. Directly north of Faunsdale, the highway crosses an intersection with SR 25 before leaving Marengo County for a final time, entering Perry County.[6][3]
Upon crossing the Perry county line, US 80 enters Uniontown, reducing to two lanes in width. Through town, US 80 is known as Washington Street. First intersecting with CR 53 at West Avenue, US 80 meets with the southern terminus of SR 61 at Water Street, then the southern terminus of SR 183 and the northern terminus of CR 1 at East Street. A short distance east of the city limits, US 80 returns to being a four lane divided highway. After spending less than 10 miles (16 km) in Perry County, US 80 enters Dallas County, passing CR 177 and CR 23 at Bellevue before meeting with SR 5 at an interchange in Browns. Continuing east passing CR 178, CR 179, CR 178 a second time, CR 3 in Massillon and CR 349, US 80 meets CR 25 and CR 29 in Marion Junction. East of Marion Junction, US 80 meets with CR 45 in Harrell and CR 29 near New Morning Star Church. Entering the outskirts of Selma, a large number of minor county routes intersect with US 80; with CR 44 and CR 27 (Westwood Drive) being the last major county route intersections before entering the city limits. CR 44 along with Cahaba Road and J.L. Chestnut Junior Boulevard provide an alternate route into downtown Selma.[6][3]
East of the junction with SR 219, US 80 meets SR 14 at a "Y" intersection. The two routes are co-signed down Highland Avenue through the northern part of Selma. At the intersection with SR 22 at Broad Street, SR 8 temporarily leaves US 80 following US 80 Business through downtown Selma, then across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The intersection also marks the western terminus of US 80 Truck. Mainline US 80 and US 80 Truck remain entirely concurrent along the Selma bypass route. East of the intersection with CR 65 at Marie Foster Street, US 80 and US 80 Truck turn south at the northern terminus of SR 41, heading south, then southwest around downtown Selma. The bypass has four major intersections, two of which are freeway grade interchanges with Race Street and Water Street (CR 48). The junctions with SR 140 and CR 56 are both at grade intersections. Immediately south of downtown Selma, US 80, US 80 Truck and SR 41 meet up with US 80 Bus. and SR 8 at a signalized intersection. Despite conflicting signage on the bypass route, US 80 Truck terminates at the intersection, as does US 80 Bus. US 80 and SR 8 continue head southeast towards Lowndes County, while SR 41 continues south towards Camden.[6][3]
US 80 made up the majority of roadway used in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. The Selma to Montgomery March Byway starts at the First Baptist Church on the corner of Martin Luther King Junior Street and Jefferson Davis Avenue. The byway continues south until reaching Alabama Avenue near the Old Depot Museum then proceeds west on Alabama Avenue to US 80 Bus. at Broad Street.[7] The Byway goes south across the Edmund Pettus Bridge and follows US 80 Bus. past the National Voting Rights Museum, then south to the intersection with US 80, US 80 Truck and SR 41. Between the eastern terminus of US 80 Bus. and Montgomery, the Byway follows US 80.[6][3] The spot of the first campsite on the marching route is in the nearby suburb of Casey on the south side of US 80.[8] Following junctions with CR 67, CR 69, CR 43, CR 7 and CR 19, the Byway continues east into Lowndes County.[3] Going through Benton, US 80 passes the western terminus of CR 40, the Lowndes Interpretive Center located between CR 17 and CR 23, the Holy Ground Battlefield and the second campsite of the march. All three sites are located within the city limits of White Hall.[3] Further to the east, adjacent to the Wright Chapel AME Zion Church, lies a memorial to Viola Liuzzo, a mother from Detroit, Michigan killed along US 80 by the Ku Klux Klan for her involvement in the 1965 marches.[8][9]
US 80 through Lowndes County.
US 80 then heads east through the southern edge of Lowndesboro and a shared junction with SR 97/CR 29. The Byway makes a curve to the northeast at the intersection with SR 21. Both US 80 and SR 21 run concurrently starting at this point. The Byway shares a short concurrency with CR 37 before crossing Pintlala Creek into Montgomery County.[3] US 80/SR 21 intersects with CR 7 in Mount Sinai, also home to the final march campsite.[3][8] At the current intersection with CR 403 is the proposed site for the interchange with SR 108 (Future I-85), also known as the Outer Loop Freeway.[10][3] After the intersection with CR 17, the Byway enters Montgomery proper, intersecting with CR 103 and CR 15, before becoming a short one mile long freeway with an interchange at US 31.[3] SR 21 and the Byway leave US 80 and head north concurrent with US 31.[3] At South Boulevard, US 31 heads northwest, while SR 21 heads east. The Byway continues north on Mobile Highway, then curves right onto Fairview Avenue. It heads north on Oak Street just before I-65, then east on Jefferson Davis Avenue under I-65, going north on Holt Street. At Day Street (which eventually becomes I-85), it heads east for one block to Mobile Street, then goes northeast on Mobile, Goldthwaite and Montgomery Streets. In downtown Montgomery, the Byway makes a short jog down Court Street to head east on Dexter Avenue, passing the Civil Rights Memorial and ending at the Alabama State Capitol building.[11] US 80 however, continues east one mile from US 31 to I-65. At a flyover interchange, US 80 overlaps I-65 north for one mile, before leaving the Interstate onto South Boulevard.[3][6]
The Alabama State Capitol on Bainbridge Street and Dexter Avenue marks the end of the 1965 marching route.
On South Boulevard, US 80 picks up a concurrency with US 82 (SR 6) and SR 21 again, heading east. US 331 and SR 9, a hidden state route designation, head north on Court Street to end at US 80/US 82/SR 21. Though the intersection of South and Court is the northern terminus of US 331, the SR 9 designation begins a concurrency with US 80 and US 82 heading east. At the intersection of Troy Highway, US 82 heads southeast away from Montgomery while US 231 (SR 53) comes in from the southeast on the same highway. Now concurrent with US 231, the concurrent highways curve to the northeast towards I-85. US 80 leaves US 231, SR 21 and hidden SR 9 at the interchange with I-85 Exit 6.[3][6]
Montgomery to Georgia
Leaving Montgomery, US 80 is concurrent with I-85. There are interchanges at SR 271 and SR 126 as well as a flyover with a completed portion of the SR 108 Inner Loop Freeway. At Exit 16, US 80 leaves the Interstate, sharing a brief concurrency with SR 126 into Waugh, where SR 126 splits off heading west to Mount Meigs. This is the spot where US 80 picks up the route of the Old Federal Road. US 80 heads east passing CR 200 going into Macon County. US 80 has two junctions with CR 2 and CR 97 south of Tysonville before entering Shorter. After a junction with CR 28, US 80 has a junction with a section of Old Federal Road heading through the heart of Shorter, then reaches the southern terminus of SR 38, going east towards Tuskegee.[12][3] There are intersections with CR 7 at Polecat Springs, CR 9 at Calebee, SR 85 and SR 13 at La Place, CR 29 east of La Place, CR 49 near Liverpool as well as CR 81, CR 18 and CR 67 right before entering the Tuskegee City limits. US 80 is known as Martin Luther king Highway after the late Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. On the west side of town, the highway serves as the southern terminus of CR 51 and northern terminus of CR 3. The intersections with Main Street, Westside Street and Fred Gray Street at the south end of the town square serves as the southern terminus of SR 81 as well as the western end of a concurrency with US 29 (SR 15), which comes in from the southeast on Main Street.[3][6]
Both US 80 and US 29 head northeast out of Tuskegee, passing the southern terminus of CR 53 and the northern terminus of CR 63 near Pleasant Hill. Immediately after the northern terminus of CR 89, the two U.S. Highways reach an interchange at Alliance, serving as the eastern terminus of SR 186. US 29 continues northeast to Auburn, while US 80 goes southeast past CR 69, CR 24 and CR 22 before reaching a "Y" intersection with CR 26 at Society Hill. The intersection with CR 43 serves as the center of the small hamlet, before US 80 continues heading east into Lee County. US 80 travels a short distance of 6.05 miles (9.74 km) through the southernmost tip of Lee County. The first major intersection in is CR 029, followed by CR 011 and CR 034. US 80 intersects with SR 51 at a traffic signal in Marvyn. Going past CR 038, US 80 enters Russell County, the final county before reaching the Georgia state line. US 80 has several intersections with numbered county routes going east into Crawford. On the western end of town, at the intersection with SR 169 and CR 27, SR 169 forms a short concurrency with US 80 for eight blocks past CR 79 at Bleeker Road. SR 169 splits from US 80 on the east end of Crawford going southeast. Following an intersection with CR 94 and CR 35, the highway continues to Phenix City with no notable intersections until reaching the intersection with 14th Street and US 280 (SR 38)/US 431 (SR 1). US 80 turns to the north and overlaps both highways until reaching the western end of the J.R. Allen Parkway. US 80 turns east, becoming a four lane freeway. There are two interchanges on the Parkway in Alabama, at Summerville Road and Riverchase Drive. The junction between the Parkway and US 280/US 431 is an incomplete third interchange. US 80 crosses the Georgia state line at the western end of the Chattahoochee River bridge. This is the eastern end of the Alabama State Route 8 designation and western end of Georgia State Route 22/Georgia State Route 540. US 80,SR 22, and SR 540 continue east over the river on the J.R. Allen Parkway into Columbus, Georgia, and this marks the beginning of the Fall Line Freeway.[3][6]
Old alignments
In its history as a designated highway through Alabama, the route of US 80 has gone through many changes. Prior to 1954, US 80 continued to follow US 11 northeast to Livingston, then southeast through Coatopa on present day SR 28 to modern US 80.[13][14][3] Sumter County Route 25 and the road leading from SR 28 southwest to Mount Valley True Light Church on the Marengo County side of the river are the older routing of both US 80 and SR 28, once connected by the 1925 Rooster Bridge. Though the bridge itself was demolished in 1980, satellite images show the approach spans remain over both river banks, albeit only for short distances.[15][16][6][3] In Praireville, Hale County Route 12 makes up part of an older two lane routing of US 80 through the small community.[17][3]
US 80 passed through the center of Faunsdale in past years, the current highway bypasses the town altogether.[18][6][3] Dallas County Route 29 and the eastern section of CR 44 make up the original alignment of US 80 between Marion Junction and Selma.[19] Although the old steel highway bridge across the Cahaba River on CR 29 is still standing, it is currently closed to traffic, making that section of CR 29 impassible.[6] The original alignment of US 80 took Washington Street and Old Montgomery Highway (CR 56) through the south side of Selma over an 1885 Wagon Road bridge.[20][21] Though the bridge was torn down in 1940, a plaque stands at the current end of Washington Street in Lafayette Park, where the northern end of the bridge once was.[22] The Bridge Keeper's house is still standing at the end of Washington Street as well.[6] After 1940, the alignment of US 80 went over the Edmund Pettus Bridge; this alignment is currently Business US 80.
Originally, US 80 used Mobile Highway, Fairview Avenue, Perry Street, Dexter Avenue, Bainbridge Street, Madison Avenue and Atlanta Highway through Montgomery.[23] By 1940, the highway traveled from Perry straight to Madison.[24] Sections of present-day SR 126 are old curves and sections of US 80, especially the highway through Mount Meigs. Dallas County Route 22, also known as Glassy Mill Road, is another early segment of US 80, bypassed by the current route to Alliance.[25] The pre-freeway route of US 80 through Phenix City took 14th Street through town, then went across the 14th Street Bridge.[6][26] Following the old route exactly by highway is partially impossible as the 14th Street Bridge is now a pedestrian bridge.[6]
History
A large section of U.S. Route 80 (US 80) in Alabama traces the general path of the Old Federal Road, originally constructed in 1805.[12] The first automobile route to be established along the current route of US 80 was the Dixie Overland Highway by the Automobile Club of Savannah in 1914, which ran from San Diego, California to Savannah, Georgia. US 80 itself was established largely along the same route as the Dixie Overland Highway on November 11, 1926, with the same eastern and western terminals as its predecessor. In Alabama, the highway is best known for its role in the Civil Rights Movement as the location of both the Bloody Sunday events at the Edmund Pettus Bridge and the Selma to Montgomery marches led by civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. Both events occurred in March 1965. As a result, US 80 between the two cities was later designated as the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail in an act passed by Congress in 1996.[2] During the creation of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, US 80 through Alabama was one of the few sections of the highway that would not be bypassed by the new system of nationwide freeways, save for small sections of I-65 and I-85 near Montgomery.[27] However, large sections of US 80 have since been constructed into a four-lane divided highway.[6]
Auto trail era
Much of present-day US 80 between Montgomery and the Georgia state line in Alabama follows the route of the Old Federal Road. Starting as a post road in 1805, the Old Federal Road was the first modern road across southern Alabama, then part of Mississippi Territory, connecting Fort Stoddert and Fort Mims to Montgomery and Fort Mitchell. The presence of the Old Federal Road also gave rise to many plantations, taverns, and post offices. The road became the site of many conflicts between the American Military and Native American tribes and would later be used as a means of deportation of Native Americans from southern Alabama. Through the 1830s and 1840s, the Old Federal Road would also be used as an immigration route for settlers entering Alabama and the American southeast. Much of the route would remain in use until the early to mid 1930s.[12]
In July 1914, the Automobile Club of Savannah began planning a transcontinental auto trail to connect Savannah, Georgia to California. The Association managing the new auto trail was formed the same month, establishing the Dixie Overland Highway. By 1917, the highway had a set route from Arizona to Savannah through Alabama, following much of the Old Federal Road in both Alabama and Georgia. During a 1918 meeting of the Dixie Overland Highway Association, California politician Stanley Hufflund delivered a letter to the association on behalf of fellow politician Ed Fletcher, lobbying for the western terminus of the highway, then undecided, to be established in San Diego. Earlier lobbying and grass roots campaigns made by Fletcher had ensured the construction of a new state highway between San Diego and Yuma, Arizona, part of which was a 7 mile long plank road through previously impassible sand dunes. Although Fletcher was unable to attend, the Association gave serious consideration into the matter. In 1919, the Association agreed to make San Diego the Dixie Overland Highway's western terminus and elected Fletcher as president of the entire association. Through Alabama, the Dixie Overland Highway passed through Livingston, Selma, Montgomery and Tuskegee.[2]
Following finalization of the route, the Dixie Overland Highway Association faced a major obstacle; the lack of a highway bridge over the Tombigbee River between Sumter and Marengo counties in Alabama. Demopolis local Frank Derby came up with an idea to raise funding for construction of a bridge. A rooster auction would be held in Demopolis, which catered to cockfighting. At the time, cockfighting was still a legal hobby and had yet to be outlawed. Derby gained support of local public figures in order to host the auction. A U.S. Senator from Alabama, working with Derby, convinced President Woodrow Wilson, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando and British Prime Minister David Lloyd George to donate roosters. General John J. Pershing, Helen Keller, Roscoe Arbuckle and Mary Pickford donated hens and roosters as well. Derby had led a similar effort back in 1918 to auction off bulls at the benefit of the American Red Cross in Birmingham. The Rooster Auction attracted many visitors and hosted the largest barbecue in Alabama history. Despite having raised enough pledges for bridge construction funding, the money actually collected was not enough to build the structure. The state of Alabama and the federal government stepped in, funding the construction of the new bridge.[28] Construction started in 1922 and the Memorial Bridge was opened on May 15, 1925. Locals however took to calling the new structure the Rooster Bridge after the auction. Due to state legislation passed in 1959, the highway bridge crossing the Tombigbee River near Demopolis is still called Rooster Bridge.[29] By 1921, much of the Dixie Overland Highway had also attained the title of Jefferson Davis Highway, a name which sections of the highway in Alabama and Arizona retain to this day.[2] By 1924, the entirety of the Dixie Overland Highway in Alabama had been designated as State Road 26 by the Alabama State Highway Department.[30]
Early years of US 80
Historical US 80 route markers
1926 design
1948 design
1961 design
1971 design
In 1925, multiple state highway departments across the United States lobbied the U.S Department of Agriculture to create a standardized national highway system to replace the auto trails. The Secretary of Agriculture appointed the Joint Board of Interstate Highways in April 1925, which was a cooperation between state highway departments and the Bureau of Public Roads, to develop a new system. Following several meetings with state highway officials across the country, the Joint Board settled on a numbering system with a standardized highway shield. This network of proposed designations would become the U.S. Highway System. Much of the Dixie Overland Highway between San Diego and Savannah received the proposed designation of U.S. Route 80. The Joint Board completed its proposal in October 1925, which the Secretary of Agriculture immediately submitted to the newly formed American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO). On November 11, 1926 AASHO approved the new highway system officially designating US 80 as an active highway. Although the auto trail era has long passed, the Alabama segment of US 80 continues to use the Dixie Overland Highway name to this day.[2][31] Upon designation of US 80 as an active highway, most of the route in the state of Alabama was still unpaved and other sections of road remained much as they were prior to adoption as a state highway. Only small sections of US 80 and SR 26 were paved in Demopolis, Selma and Montgomery respectively.[32] By the fall of 1928, the state highway system in Alabama underwent a major highway renumbering. State Road 26 was re-designated State Route 8 between Mississippi and Phenix City, while the segment from the Mississippi state line through Cuba and Livingston was also designated as part of State Route 7. The section of highway between Tysonville and Tuskegee through Milstead was undergoing paving as was the route between Uniontown and Browns The route from Livingston to the Mississippi state line had already been paved. Much of the previously unimproved road was being improved with gravel or other secondary types of bituminous surfacing, leaving only a section between Tuskegee and Society Hill untouched by the State Highway Department.[25] By 1929, a new section of US 80/SR 8 was constructed between Tuskegee and Tysonville bypassing the older route through Milstead.[33] By 1930, paving was complete on US 80 between Uniontown and Browns.[34]
Post card of the Jackson Motor Court, a Motel on US 80 near Selma
By 1931, paving had commenced on the section of US 80 between Livingston and the Rooster Bridge. Paving was also completed on the highway from Montgomery to Tuskegee. A new less direct alignment of US 80 had been constructed between Tuskegee and Society Hill, bypassing the older unimproved route. Half of the new route was undergoing improvement at the time of opening.[35] The total length of US 80 in Alabama that year averaged around 227 miles (365 kilometres).[36] By 1933, paving was completed between Livingston and the Rooster Bridge. US 80 between Selma and Lowndes County was also fully paved. Further paving had been completed on US 80 from Lowndes County to Montgomery. The route from the Tuskegee Institute through Tysonville to Mount Meigs had also been bypassed by a more direct route through Shorter.[17] The route through Shortleaf and Demopolis was bypassed by November 1934. The new route still passed through Demopolis, though around the south side of the city. US 43 was commissioned in Alabama along SR 40 and SR 13 to Mobile, sharing a short concurrency with US 80 and SR 8 through eastern Demopolis.[37] By 1935, all of US 80 and SR 8 between Mississippi and Tuskegee was paved. The remainder of the highway to Georgia was still surfaced with gravel or sand.[18]US 11 had been extended into Mississippi by 1936, sharing a concurrency with US 80 from Livingston to the Mississippi state line into Mississippi itself. A small section of US 80 between Phenix City and Georgia had also been paved. US 80 through Tuskegee had also been rerouted south of the Institute.[23] In 1935, massive flooding on the Alabama River in Selma submerged the US 80 bridge under the surge, halting all traffic between Selma and Lowndes County. The bridge, built in 1885 was constructed without taking the maximum river flood height into account. Plans already in place for a large replacement steel and concrete bridge were expedited by the Alabama Highway Department.[38] No major changes would be made to US 80 until 1940, when the route from Society Hill to Crawford was paved and the remainder of the highway between Phenix City and Tuskegee was also undergoing paving work.[24] Finally in 1943, the entire highway had been paved from Mississippi to Georgia.[14] The replacement bridge over the Alabama River in Selma was completed the same year and was officially named the Edmund Pettus Bridge after the Alabama statesman and American Civil War veteran Edmund W. Pettus. The 1885 bridge began demolition shortly after the Edmund Pettus Bridge opened. During the opening ceremony on May 24, 1940, Pettus' daughter in law cut the ribbon to officially open the bridge to traffic. Alabama governor Frank M. Dixon, attended the ceremony as well. In total, the construction of the Edmund Pettus Bridge cost $863,000 US.[39]
In 1947, a group of delegates from several towns along US 80 in the western United States had a meeting at the Pioneer Hotel in Tucson, Arizona, to discuss the future of US 80. Travel on the western segment of the highway had decreased dramatically since the end of the second World War.[41] The delegates decided to form a new U.S. Highway 80 Association to promote the highway.[42] Up until that point, the states of California, Arizona and New Mexico had promoted US 80 as the western extension of the Broadway of America, a transcontinental tourist highway ending in New York. The goal of the new association was to abandon the Broadway of America altogether and focus instead on promoting the entirety of US 80 between Savannah and San Diego as an all year scenic route. A secondary goal of the association was to make US 80 a formidable competitor to the famous US 66.[43] In 1948, the newly formed western and central divisions of the new association, representing the highway from California to Texas, met with 75 representatives from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia to form the eastern division of the association. Alabama officials representing Phenix City, Tuskegee, Montgomery, Selma and Demopolis were among the 75 persons to meet with the central and western US 80 delegates in Ruston, Louisiana to form the final part of the nascent association.[44] The eastern division was formed and the association with its three divisions was formally organized in 1949. Though the eastern division was based in Ruston, Louisiana, it represented and promoted the highway through all four southern states US 80 passed through.[45] The state of Alabama, Montgomery in particular, got heavily involved in promoting the highway for boosts in local tourism. Smaller US 80 statewide associations were founded to promote the highway in Alabama.[46][47] In the coming decade, US 80 grew to become a very popular and heavily traveled highway. There even came a time where more people traveled into California on US 80 than on US 66. In 1955, US 80 and SR 8 underwent a major re-route, bypassing Coatopa, Livingston and York.[48] Previously, only part of the new route had been in the state highway system as SR 162, between SR 17 and Bellamy.[13] The old route between Cuba and Livingston remained part of US 11 while the section between Livingston and Moscow became SR 132.[48] By 1958, large sections of US 80 between Selma and Montgomery, as well as a section immediately west of Tuskegee had been converted into a four lane divided highway.[49]
The Alabama National Guard and local law enforcement preparing to attack nonviolent civil rights demonstrators on the Edmund Pettus Bridge (US 80) on March 7, 1965.
The Alabama section of US 80 played an integral role in the events of the American Civil Rights Movement.[2] Selma, like many cities and towns in the American southeast, was subject to Jim Crow laws, which enforced acts of racial segregation among the populace.[2] Dating back to 1877, the Jim Crow laws were meant to separate the American black and white populations, while ensuring both had institutions and accommodations of equal quality – a notion commonly referred to as "separate but equal".[50] In reality, the acts did little more than legally force the southeast's black population to reside in poor living conditions and also denied black citizens entry into most white establishments such as businesses and public institutions.[2] Following the events surrounding the landmark ruling of the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, desegregating American schools and the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and 1956 leading to a similar ruling regarding public bus segregation by the Supreme Court, marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, meant to abolish American segregation.[51] The movement lead to protests across the United States, including the March on Washington in 1963, where civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. Though the civil rights protests were often met with violent retaliation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ensured much of the goals the protesters and activists had pushed for became legal reality. However, remaining Jim Crow laws still prevented most black Americans in the southeast from voting. Initial efforts to surpass this problem during the Freedom Summer campaign in Mississippi was met with the murder of three activists involved in the project. Further retaliation by pro-segregationists, ranging from bombings to police brutality lead to an increase in protests against such violence as well as voting restrictions in the year 1965.[52] In Dallas County, there were over 15,000 black citizens eligible for voter registration, but only 300 of those people were actually registered.[2]
Resistance forces attacking the marchers.
Following earlier failed demonstrations in Selma and the death of Jimmie Lee Jackson in Marion, Martin Luther King Jr. began working with other activists to create a march from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery. The march was to follow the route of US 80 between the two cities. Despite King's being unable to attend due to illness and preferring to postpone the event, the first attempt at the march started without him on March 7, 1965, with 525 individuals in attendance. The march continued east on US 80 until reaching the south side of the Edmund Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River. The Alabama National Guard, under orders of Governor George Wallace, awaited the protesters wearing gas masks and brandishing weapons.[2] Joining the Guard were local policemen and "possemen", civilians authorized to combat the protesters by local law enforcement. The resistance proceeded to violently beat the protesters with batons and tear gas, while others trampled protesters with horses while also spitting and cracking bullwhips on the demonstrators. Over 50 participants had to be taken to the hospital. News agencies such as the American Broadcasting Company however, had recorded the event on television cameras, then proceeded to interrupt regular programming to display the footage nationwide. The event would come to be known as "Bloody Sunday".[53] News of the attacks led to public outrage across the United States. King organized a second protest on March 9, with the support of nearly 400 new demonstrators from across the nation, despite a court-issued restraining order. This time, the resistance on the other end of the bridge cleared an open pathway on US 80 for the protesters to proceed rather than continue to block the highway. King, fearing the move was a trap, cancelled the march.[2]
Demonstrators marching down US 80 in Montgomery on March 25, 1965.
Growing pressure and outrage caused President Lyndon Johnson to give a public address to Congress in support to the marchers. As well as the address, Johnson pressured Congress to pass legislation which would become the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This legislation abolished practices such as literacy tests, which had prevented the majority of black citizens in the southeast from voting.[53] Though the legislation would not be passed until August 6.[2] Judge Frank Minis Johnson overturned the earlier restraining order, ruling the protesters had every right to march along US 80 or any public under rights guaranteed by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution.[53] A third attempt at the march led by King began on March 21, 1965, with almost 3,200 people attending. Along the march, demonstrators were met by widespread taunting including signs and posters directing verbal attacks towards the march as well as a radio store in Selma playing "Bye Bye Blackbird" towards the group. In Lowndes County, US 80 reduced from four lanes to two.[2] Due to restrictions, the number of protesters through the county was greatly reduced to 300 persons. Despite the reduction, the march continued to push forward over the next four days. On March 25, the march reached the city limits of Montgomery.[53] Upon entering the city, the number of demonstrators rose to 30,000 individuals. The marchers left US 80 and arrived at the state capitol on Dexter Street, where King gave his "How Long, Not Long" speech to a giant crowd on top of a flatbed trailer.[53][2] President Johnson had arranged for the Alabama National Guard, United States Army, Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Marshals Service to protect the demonstrators from harm during the march along US 80.[53]
Official marker for the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail
In 1989, Representative John Lewis of Georgia, one of the marchers from the 1965 demonstrations, introduced the Selma to Montgomery National Trail Study Act, which enabled the National Park Service to study a potential designation of US 80 between Montgomery and Selma as a National Trail. The study was approved on July 3, 1990, signed into effect by President George H. W. Bush as Public Law 101-321. The National Park Service tasked historians Luke Lambert and Barbara Tagger to conduct the study. In April 1993, the study was completed and awaited Congressional approval. Congress approved of the designation, passing legislation to President Bill Clinton. President Clinton proceeded to sign Public Law 104-333 into effect on November 12, 1996, officially designating the 54-mile stretch of US 80 as the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail. The stretch of road had previously been designated as a National Scenic Byway by the Secretary of Transportation on September 19, 1996. President Clinton himself joined a commemorative march with King's widow, Coretta Scott King, and several other civil rights activists on the 35th anniversary of Bloody Sunday.[2]
Interstate era
With the coming of the Interstate Highway System in 1957, US 80's role was slated to change from major transcontinental highway to a lesser route on a national level.[2] US 80 was to be replaced entirely by Interstates, except between Cuba, Alabama and Macon, Georgia; a short section of Interstate 65 and Interstate 85 were also slated to replace US 80 through Montgomery.[27] By 1961, a section of I-85 meant to bypass US 80 through Mount Meigs between eastern Montgomery and Shorter was under construction.[54] The freeway was completed in 1963 and US 80 moved onto the new highway, bypassing Mount Meigs altogether. Another section of I-85 meant to bypass US 80 from Shorter to Alliance was under construction between Shorter and Tuskegee.[55] The entire proposed bypass was under construction the following year.[56] I-85 from Shorter to Tuskegee was completed in 1965. I-65 in Montgomery had started construction, with construction commencing on I-85 between Atlanta Highway and Eastern Boulevard in Montgomery as well.[57] Construction on the entirety of both Interstates in Montgomery was well under way in 1967. All of I-85 meant to bypass US 80 between eastern Montgomery and Alliance had been completed, though US 80 remained on its own route from Shorter to Alliance.[58] I-65 north to US 80 in Montgomery (Fairview Avenue) was complete the next year, with I-85 still under construction between Atlanta Highway and the proposed junction with I-65 and likewise with I-65 between Fairview and proposed I-85.[59] All of I-85 into downtown Montgomery was finished by 1972. I-20 and I-59 from the Mississippi state line to Cuba was also under construction as well as a four lane divided connecting road to US 80 and US 11. US 80 from the Dallas County line through Benton into north central Lowndes County began conversion into a four lane divided highway.[60] I-65 had been completed to I-85 in downtown Montgomery by 1973. I-29/I-59 between Mississippi and Cuba had also been finished. SR 8 was moved off the US 80/US 11 concurrency at this time and onto the new four lane connecting road between US 80 and the new Interstate freeway, leaving only the hidden SR 7 designation on the U.S. Highway from Cuba to Mississippi. This also moved the western terminus of SR 8 to the new junction with I-20/I-59. The first segment of four lane highway conversion in Lowndes County between Selma and Montgomery had also been completed.[61]
In 1975, work began on finishing the four lane divided highway through Lowndes County on either side of Lowndesboro.[62] By 1979, all of US 80 between Selma and Montgomery had been converted into a four lane divided highway.[16] Massive flooding throughout the western part of Alabama's Black Belt the same year caused floodwaters on the Tombigbee River to sweep the tugboat Cahaba upstream towards the Alabama River. The Cahaba collided with the Rooster Bridge and was sucked underwater by the torrent. Amazingly, the tugboat resurfaced on the other side of the bridge and righted itself back up. The bridge was closed to traffic right away to inspect it for damage.[63] Despite the incident, plans were already in place to demolish the Rooster Bridge.[15] Construction on a new set of four lane bridges upstream was being undertaken.[16] Following completion of the new bridge, the original Rooster Bridge was demolished using dynamite in 1980, bringing an end to the local icon.[15] By 1981, four lane work was undergoing on US 80 west of Selma.[64] Four lane conversion had also begun between Demopolis and Faunsdale in 1983.[65] By 1985, the route of US 80 and SR 8 through Montgomery had changed.[66] Previously, US 80 and SR 8 had taken Mobile Highway to Fairview Avenue. From Fairview, eastbound US 80/SR 8 had taken Perry Street to Madison Avenue, while westbound traffic utilized Hull Street. The two highways then followed Madison Avenue and Atlanta Highway out of the city.[58][65] The new route used South Boulevard and Eastern Boulevard to between Atlanta Highway and Mobile Highway to bypass downtown Montgomery entirely.[66] Between 1986 and 1987, four lane conversion on sections of US 80 between Demopolis and Faunsdale and between Browns and Selma was completed, with a four lane bypass around Faunsdale under construction.[67] The Faunsdale bypass was completed by 1989.[68]
Elsewhere in the United States, the Interstate had brought the days of US 80 being a transcontinental highway to an end. California had formally decommissioned its segment of the highway between 1964 and 1969, followed by Arizona between 1977 and 1989 and New Mexico from 1989 to 1991. Though Texas decommissioned the majority of its section by 1991, the section from Dallas to Tybee Island remained and the routing has remained unaltered since.[2] Today, I-20, I-10 and I-8 have taken the place of US 80's western segment. Though US 80 still exists between Dallas and Tybee Island, it has long since been replaced as a main highway through all of Mississippi and Louisiana by I-20 and between Macon and Savannah in Georgia by I-16.[27] Alabama is a unique case, as US 80 still remains the main east west highway through Alabama's Black Belt, which is almost the entire highway within the state. Since 1987, the route between Cuba and Demopolis has been upgraded into a four lane highway, and US 80 was moved onto I-85 between Eastern Boulevard in Montgomery and I-85 Exit 16 east of Mount Meigs. US 80 has also been rerouted around Selma onto SR 41 and SR 14, while SR 8 continues to be routed on the older alignment through town. Today, the old Selma route, including the Edmund Pettus Bridge, is signed as US 80 Business.[6][2]
Future
The Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) is planning to construct a 124-mile (200 km) extension of I-85 from Montgomery to I-20/I-59 near Cuba, shadowing the path of US 80 near Demopolis, Uniontown and Selma. The project was first proposed in 2005 and is estimated to cost at least $2.4 billion. ALDOT contracted Volkert and Associates, an engineering company, to oversee the project.[69] In 2010, Volkert completed an environmental impact study with a preferred alternative route highlighted for consideration. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) approved the study and preferred alternative route. Besides the environmental impact, the project will also have to minimize the overall impact on the Selma to Montgomery National Trail as well as the many Civil Rights cultural resources, historical sites and structures along US 80 between Selma and Montgomery.[70] Likewise, a group known as the Youth Infrastructure Coalition is lobbying for the proposed extension to become part of a suggested I-14, which the coalition proposes should run from Texas to Georgia. The coalition also wants a new Interstate to be constructed along the general path taken by US 80 between Montgomery and Macon, Georgia. As of 2018 however, the coalition has not met with ALDOT to discuss the proposal. Despite the support for the proposal with the people of Selma, ALDOT put forward an official statement, explaining the coalition's proposed I-14 would be unlikely to gain serious consideration.[71]
East end of US 80 Truck/SR 41 concurrency; west end of SR 8 concurrency; eastern terminus of US 80 Business/US 80 Truck; mileposts change to reflect SR 8; former US 80 west
89.862
144.619
CR 56 west (Old Montgomery Road)
Eastern terminus of CR 56; former US 80 west
Casey
92.003
148.064
CR 67 south
Northern terminus of CR 67
93.228
150.036
CR 69 north / CR 465 south
Southern terminus of CR 69; northern terminus of CR 465
^Mileposts along US 80 in Alabama reflect hidden or co-signed state route numbers, instead of US 80 itself. Most of the mileposts on this list reflect the unsigned SR 8.
^Across Alabama's Black Belt On US Highway 80(Online Video) (Documentary). The Alabama Experience. University of Alabama: Center for Public Television and Radio. 1999. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
^Federal Highway Administration (n.d.). "Selma to Montgomery March Byway" (Map). America's Byways. Scale not given. Federal Highway Administration. Selma City Detail inset. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
^ abcFederal Highway Administration (n.d.). "Selma to Montgomery March Byway" (Map). America's Byways. Scale not given. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
^Alabama Department of Transportation (March 2015). "Montgomery Outer Loop". Alabama Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
^Federal Highway Administration (n.d.). "Selma to Montgomery March Byway" (Map). America's Byways. Scale not given. Federal Highway Administration. Montgomery City Detail inset. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
^ abcdAlabama Highway Department (1954). Official Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:950,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
^ abcAlabama Highway Department (1979). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:950,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^ abGeneral Drafting Company (1933). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,000,000. Montgomery: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^ abGeneral Drafting Company (1935). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,000,000. Montgomery: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^Henry Wellge and Company (1887). Perspective Map of Selma, County Seat of Dallas County (Map). Not to scale. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Henry Wellge and Company. US52544. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2018 – via Historic Map Works.
^ abPowers Company (1940). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:760,000. Mobile: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^ abGeneral Drafting Company (1928). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,000,000. Montgomery: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^General Drafting Company (1929). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,000,000. Montgomery: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^General Drafting Company (1930). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,000,000. Montgomery: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018 – via Birmingham Public Library Cartography Collection.
^General Drafting Company (1931). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,070,000. Montgomery: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018 – via W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library.
^General Drafting Company (1934). State Road Map of Alabama(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,000,000. Montgomery: Alabama State Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
^Alabama Highway Department (1948). Official Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:1,200,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ abAlabama Highway Department (1955). Official Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:950,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
^Alabama Highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:825,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
^National Park Service (n.d.). "Montgomery Bus Boycott"(PDF). Education Newsletter Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site. National Park Service. Archived(PDF) from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
^Alabama Highway Department (1961). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map) (Civil War Centennial ed.). 1:630,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^Alabama Highway Department (1963). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:630,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^Alabama Highway Department (1964). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:630,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^Alabama Highway Department (1965). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:630,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Montgomery inset. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^ abAlabama Highway Department (1967). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:630,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Montgomery inset. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^Alabama Highway Department (1968). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:630,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Montgomery inset. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^Alabama Highway Department (1972). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:950,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Montgomery inset. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^Alabama Highway Department (1973). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:950,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Montgomery inset. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018 – via Alabama Department of Archives and History.
^Alabama Highway Department (1975). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:950,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^Alabama Highway Department (1981). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:950,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^ abAlabama Highway Department (1983). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:825,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^ abAlabama Highway Department (1985). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:825,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Montgomery inset. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^Alabama Highway Department (1987). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:825,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
^Alabama Highway Department (1989). Official Alabama Highway Map(MrSID) (Map). 1:825,000. Montgomery: Alabama Highway Department. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
Across Alabama's Black Belt on U.S. Highway 80 - Promotional documentary for U.S. Route 80 in Alabama put together by the University of Alabama as part of the Alabama Experience series.
Selma To Montgomery March Byway
US 80 / US 11 at the Mississippi state line
US 80 / SR 22 / SR 540 in Columbus, GA
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