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((Short description|Police and prison custody deaths))
'''Deaths in custody''', including police and prison custody, are subject to significant concern for a number of reasons, including the intrinsically vulnerable nature of some of those in custody, and the power imbalance inherent in the situation. Deaths in custody in England and Wales are looked at by [[Inquests in England and Wales|inquests]], and when it is possible that the state failed to protect the deceased's life are scrutinised using the 'right to life' ([[Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights]]).

[[Inquest (charity)|Inquest]] is an independent charity focusing predominantly on deaths in custody. Working in England and Wales the charity supports families bereaved by state related deaths, including deaths in police and prison custody.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/|title=Inquest ((!)) Home|website=Inquest|language=en|access-date=4 December 2017))</ref>

==Statistics ==
The [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] publishes annual reports on deaths during or following police contact.

The [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Justice]] publishes quarterly "Safety in Custody statistics" looking at deaths and incidents of self-harm and violence in prisons in England and Wales. In the year up to March 2017 this statistical report showed the highest number of deaths in prison on record, with the rate of self-inflicted deaths more than doubling since 2013, and the number of incidents of self-harm reaching a record high. There were 113 self-inflicted deaths in the 12 months up to March 2017, 10 of which were in the female estate.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/611187/safety-in-custody-statistics-q4-2016.pdf|title=Safety in Custody Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales, Deaths in prison custody to March 2017, Assaults and Self-Harm to December 2016|date=27 April 2017|access-date=4 December 2017))</ref>

The charity [[Inquest (charity)|Inquest]] monitors statistics and updates on deaths in police custody, prison and immigration detention, regularly updating live statistical tables on their website.

The [[Home Office]] does not regularly publish information on deaths in immigration detention, but campaigners and monitoring bodies keep track and found 2017 was the deadliest year on record of immigration detainees.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/dec/03/marcin-gwozdzinski-immigration-centre-detention-death|title='Marcin was crying, begging for help': crisis of EU migrants detained in the UK|last=Townsend|first=Mark|date=3 December 2017|work=The Observer|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en|issn=0029-7712))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/deaths-of-immigration-detainees|title=Deaths of immigration detainees|work=Inquest|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en))</ref>

The [[Youth Justice Board]] (YJB) reports on deaths of children in child prisons ([[Young Offenders Institutions]] and [[Secure Training Centres]]) and secure children's homes in their remit.<ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/youth-justice-statistics</ref>

== Independent Review into Deaths and Serious Incidents in Police Custody, 2017 ==
In October 2017 the UK government published the first ever Independent review on deaths and serious incidents in police custody, known as the Angiolini Review, after the author [[Elish Angiolini|Dame Elish Angiolini]] QC.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/oct/30/uk-police-custody-deaths-report-published|title=England and Wales police custody deaths report out after 15-month delay|last=Grierson|first=Jamie|date=30 October 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 November 2017))</ref> [[Inquest (charity)|Inquest]]'s director Deborah Coles was special adviser to the review. The report made over 100 recommendations on policing, mental health provision, and post-death investigations and inquests including that such deaths should be investigated "with the same haste and mindset as homicides"<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/oct/28/police-custody-deaths-treat-like-murder|title=Police custody deaths in UK 'should be treated like murder inquiry'|author=Mark Townsend|date=28 October 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=29 October 2017))</ref> and that families bereaved by a death in custody should receive non means-tested public funding for legal representation during investigations and [[inquest]]'s into custody deaths.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/sep/04/families-of-people-who-died-in-police-custody-failed-by-system-report|title=Families of people who died in police custody failed by system – report|last=Dodd|first=Vikram|date=4 September 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en|issn=0261-3077))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/Blog/inquest-blog-angiolini|title=First ever review on deaths in police custody supports key INQUEST recommendations and is an opportunity to save lives|work=Inquest|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en))</ref> Other recommendations included: 
* Strengthening systems and structures of accountability, holding the police to account at an individual and corporate level.
* National Oversight and learning from deaths, such as through an 'Office for Article 2 Compliance' which would monitor and report on recommendations arising from deaths.
* Improved investigation, including through the phasing out of Ex-police officers as lead investigators within the IPCC.
* Tackling discrimination, through recognition of the disproportionate number of deaths of BAME people following restraint and the role of [[institutional racism]], both within IPCC investigations and police training.
* Better treatment of vulnerable people, including through proper resourcing of national healthcare facilities to accommodate and respond to vulnerable people in urgent physical or mental health need coming into contact with the police.
The report was commissioned in July 2015 by [[Theresa May]] in her former role as Home Secretary. She announced the review after meeting the families of [[Death of Sean Rigg|Sean Rigg]] and [[Death of Olaseni Lewis|Olaseni 'Seni' Lewis]], stating: "As Home Secretary, I have been struck by the pain and suffering of families still looking for answers. That is why I set up this independent review and I'm grateful to Dame Elish and Deborah Coles, as special advisor to the chair, for agreeing to take on this important work."

The charity [[Inquest (charity)|Inquest]] advised the review after years of lobbying for it to take place. They welcomed the report as "an opportunity to save lives".<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/angiolini-review-published-today|title=Landmark review on deaths in police custody published today is an opportunity to save lives|work=Inquest|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en))</ref> However the report was due to be published in January 2017 and the Home Office faced widespread criticism from Inquest and other charities and campaigners for delaying its publication, including in an open letter to [[Amber Rudd]] (the [[Home Secretary]] who took over from Theresa May) published in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in July 2017 which was signed by over 30 organisations. During the 10-month delay to publish the review, the deaths of [[Death of Rashan Charles|Rashan Charles]] and [[Death of Edson Da Costa|Edson Da Costa]] in contact with London's [[Metropolitan Police]] reignited widespread public concern about deaths in custody, particularly those concerning restraint related deaths of young Black men.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.gal-dem.com/justice-cannot-peace-black-lives-matter-uk-death-rashan-charles-police-killings-uk/|title=The police need to answer our questions following the death of Rashan Charles ((!)) gal-dem|date=29 July 2017|work=gal-dem|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en))</ref>

==Deaths of children and young adults in prisons==
Up to date statistics on the deaths of young adults in prisons are kept by [[Inquest (charity)|Inquest]] on their website. The [[Youth Justice Board]] (YJB) reports on deaths of children in prisons in their remit (YOI and STC).<ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/youth-justice-statistics</ref>

There have been a small number of little publicised deaths in secure children's homes,<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/630201/YJB_Annual_Report_and_Accounts_2016-17_Web.pdf|title=YJB Annual Report and Accounts 2016/17|date=2017|access-date=4 December 2017))</ref> as well as deaths in [[Secure Training Centre|STC]]s<ref>((cite journal|author=Joint Committee on Human Rights|title=The Use of Restraint in Secure Training Centres|year=2007|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200708/jtselect/jtrights/65/65.pdf|format=PDF|website=Publications.parliament.uk|access-date=29 October 2017))</ref>  and [[Her Majesty's Young Offender Institution|YOI]]s.<ref>((cite news|last=Vallely|first=Paul|title=The end of innocence: Inside Britain's child prisons|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/the-end-of-innocence-inside-britains-child-prisons-1874053.html|access-date=11 August 2011|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|date=21 January 2010))</ref> 
 
In the year ending March 2016, there were no self-inflicted deaths of children (aged under 18) in youth justice prisons according to the YJB. There was one death in July 2015, of 16-year-old Daniel Adewole at HMYOI Cookham Wood. Adewole's death was classified as death by 'natural causes' as he died following an epileptic seizure, however the coroner at his inquest highlighted failures of prison staff in properly responding to the death. Coroner Patricia Harding concluded that prison officers should have entered the cell of Daniel Adewole much sooner as officers waited 38 minutes after they first received no response at Adewole's cell door, before opening his door where he was found unconscious following an epileptic seizure.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/daniel-adewole-conclusion|title=INQUEST response to the conclusion of the inquest of 16 year old Daniel Adewole at HMYOI Cookham Wood|work=Inquest|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en))</ref>

Prior to that, there were three deaths during the year ending March 2012. Between the years ending March 2006 and March 2016, there were six deaths.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/585897/youth-justice-statistics-2015-2016.pdf|title=Youth Justice Statistics 2015/16|date=26 January 2017|access-date=4 December 2017))</ref>

Between 1990 and 2004, 25 children killed themselves in prison and two died in secure training centres.<ref>((cite news | title=Custody death rate 'shocks' MPs | date= 14 December 2004| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4093349.stm | work =[[BBC News]] | access-date = 12 July 2007 ))</ref> On 19 April 2004, a 15-year-old boy, Gareth Myatt, died while being restrained by guards at [[Rainsbrook Secure Training Centre]] which at the time was run by [[Controversies surrounding G4S|G4S]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://thenewobserver.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/gareth_myatt.pdf|title=The death of Gareth Myatt|date=2012|access-date=4 December 2017))</ref> Several months afterwards on 9 August 2004, Adam Rickwood, 14, died of a self-inflicted death at the (now closed) Hassockfield Secure Training Centre, hours after being restrained by staff. The inquest jury into Rickwood's death did not find a direct link between the restraint and his death, but it was clear that this was a distressing incident and critics drew links between the incident and his suicide.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/publications/moj/2010/response-inquest-myatt-rickwood.pdf|title=The government's response to coroners' recommendations following the inquests of Gareth Myatt and Adam Rickwood|access-date=4 December 2017))</ref>

=== ''Harris Review: Changing Prisons, Saving Lives'' ===

Chaired by Lord Toby Harris and published in July 2015, the Harris Review is an independent review into self-inflicted deaths in custody of 18 to 24 year olds from 1 April 2007 to 31 December 2013. It made 108 recommendations to strengthen the protection of young people in prisons and support learning after self-inflicted deaths in prison. The report was welcomed by campaigners, calling it a 'watershed moment'.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/inquest-welcomes-call-for-radical-change-in-report-on-deaths-of-young-people-in-prison|title=Watershed moment - INQUEST welcomes call for "radical change" in report on deaths of young people in prison|work=Inquest|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en))</ref> 

The Government responded in December 2017, rejecting 33 of the recommendations and simply stating 'agree', 'agree in part', 'agree in principle', or stating the recommendation was beyond its remit or 'subject to wider reforms for the majority of the rest.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.inquest.org.uk/harris-review|title=Government rejects Harris Review recommendations designed to support learning after self-inflicted deaths in prison|work=Inquest|access-date=4 December 2017|language=en))</ref> The majority of recommendations are yet to be implemented.

==List of campaigns around people who have died in custody in the UK==
((sources|section|date=March 2024))
*[[Terence MacSwiney]]
*[[Thomas Ashe]]
*[[Michael Fitzgerald (Irish republican)|Michael Fitzgerald]]
*[[Frank Stagg (Irish republican)|Frank Stagg]]
*[[Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)|Michael Gaughan]]
*[[Patrick "Giuseppe" Conlon]]
*[[Bobby Sands]]
*[[Sarah Reed (prisoner)|Death of Sarah Reed]]
*[[Death of Sean Rigg]]
*[[Death of Habib 'Paps' Ullah]]
*[[Death of Roger Sylvester]]
*[[Death of Leon Patterson]]
*[[Death of Rocky Bennett]]
*[[Death of Christopher Alder]]
*[[Death of Brian Douglas]]
*[[Death of Joy Gardner]]
*[[Death of Ricky Bishop]]
*[[Death of Sarah Campbell]]
*[[Death of Mark Nunes]]
*[[Death of Paul Coker]]
*[[Death of Paul Jemmott]]
*[[Death of Harry Stanley]]
*[[Death of Glenn Howard]]
*[[Death of Mikey Powell]]
*[[Death of Jason McPherson]]
*[[Death of Lloyd Butler]]
*[[Death of Azelle Rodney]]
*[[Death of Habib Ullah]]
*[[Death of Olaseni Lewis]]
*[[Death of David Emmanuel]] (aka [[Smiley Culture]])
*[[Death of Kingsley Burrell]]
*[[Death of Demetre Fraser]]
*[[Death of Mark Duggan]]
*[[Death of Anthony Grainger]]
*[[Death of Sheku Bayoh]]
*[[Killing of Alton Manning]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((DEFAULTSORT:Uk Deaths In Custody))
[[Category:Prisoners who died in British detention]]
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in the United Kingdom| ]]

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