You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.227.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:53, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:35, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:35, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 3.227.19.90. The blocked range is 3.227.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Computer))((refimprove|date=May 2010))
((Infobox information appliance
| name         = UNIVAC 1103
| image        = UNIVAC-1103-BRL61-0905.jpg
| image_size   = 
| alt          = 
| caption      = UNIVAC 1103A
| aka          = ERA 1103
| developer    = [[Engineering Research Associates]]
| manufacturer = [[Remington Rand]]
| type         = 
| releasedate  = ((Start date and age|1953))
| price        = 
| connectivity = 
| lifespan     = 
| unitssold    = 
| media        = 
| os           = <!-- operating system -->
| input        = 
| camera       = 
| power        = 
| cpu          = 
| CPUspeed     = 
| storage      = 
| memory       = Total [[random-access memory]] of 1024 [[Word (data type)|words]] of 36 bits each
| RAMtype      = 36 [[Williams tube]]s with a capacity of 1024 [[bit]]s each
| display      = 
| audio        = 
| service      = <!-- online service/s offered -->
| dimensions   = 
| weight       = ((convert|38543|lb|ST MT|1))
| touchpad     = 
| predecessor  = [[UNIVAC 1101]]
| successor    = UNIVAC 1103A
| related      =
))
The '''UNIVAC 1103''' or '''ERA 1103,''' a successor to the [[UNIVAC 1101]],<ref name=LegacyMIS/> was a [[Computer|computer system]] designed by [[Engineering Research Associates]] and built by the [[Remington Rand]] corporation in October 1953. It was the first computer for which [[Seymour Cray]] was credited with design work.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/seymourbio |title=Tribute to Seymour Cray |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824155753/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/seymourbio |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-08-24))</ref>

==History==
Even before the completion of the ''Atlas'' (UNIVAC 1101), the [[United States Navy|Navy]] asked Engineering Research Associates to design a more powerful machine. This project became Task 29, and the computer was designated ''Atlas II''.

In 1952, Engineering Research Associates asked the [[Armed Forces Security Agency]] (the predecessor of the [[NSA]]) for approval to sell the ''Atlas II'' commercially. Permission was given, on the condition that several specialized instructions would be removed. The commercial version then became the UNIVAC 1103. Because of [[Classified information in the United States|security classification]], [[Remington Rand]] management was unaware of this machine before this. The first commercially sold UNIVAC 1103 was sold to the [[aircraft]] manufacturer [[Convair]], where [[Marvin Stein (computer scientist)|Marvin Stein]] worked with it.((Citation needed|date=March 2023))

Remington Rand announced the UNIVAC 1103 in February 1953. The machine competed with the [[IBM 701]] in the scientific computation market. In early 1954, a committee of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] requested that the two machines be compared for the purpose of using them for a Joint Numerical Weather Prediction project. Based on the trials, the two machines had comparable computational speed, with a slight advantage for IBM's machine, but the latter was favored unanimously for its significantly faster input-output equipment.<ref>((cite book|author1=Emerson W. Pugh|author2=Lyle R. Johnson|author3=John H. Palmer|title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=1991|isbn=0-262-16123-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh/page/23 23–34]|url=https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh/page/23))</ref>

The successor machine was the UNIVAC 1103A or ''Univac Scientific'', which improved upon the design by replacing the unreliable [[Williams tube]] memory with [[magnetic-core memory]], adding hardware [[floating-point]] instructions, and perhaps the earliest occurrence of a hardware [[interrupt]] feature.<ref>((cite web |last1=Smotherman |first1=Mark |title=Interrupts |url=https://people.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/interrupts.html |access-date=Feb 18, 2019))</ref>

==Technical details==
The system used electrostatic storage, consisting of 36 [[Williams tube]]s with a capacity of 1024 [[bit]]s each, giving a total [[random-access memory]] of 1024 [[Word (data type)|words]] of 36 bits each. Each of the 36 Williams tubes was five inches in diameter. A magnetic [[drum memory]] provided 16,384 words. Both the electrostatic and drum memories were directly addressable: addresses 0 through 01777 ([[Octal]]) were in electrostatic memory and 040000 through 077777 ([[Octal]]) were on the drum.

[[Fixed-point arithmetic|Fixed-point]] numbers had a 1-bit sign and a 35-bit value, with negative values represented in [[ones' complement]] format.((Citation needed|date=March 2023))

[[Instruction set|Instructions]] had a 6-bit operation code and two 15-bit operand addresses.((Citation needed|date=March 2023))

Programming systems for the machine included the RECO regional coding assembler by Remington-Rand, the RAWOOP one-pass assembler and SNAP floating point interpretive system authored by the [[TRW Inc.|Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation]] of [[Los Angeles]], the FLIP [[floating point arithmetic]] interpretive system by [[Convair|Consolidated Vultee Aircraft]] of [[San Diego]], and the CHIP floating point interpretive system by [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base|Wright Field]] in [[Ohio]].

UNIVAC 1103/A weighed about ((convert|38543|lb|ST MT|1)).<ref>((Cite web|url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL2nd/BRL-2ndCompSurv.html|title=UNIVAC SCIENTIFIC 1103|last=Weik|first=Martin H.|date=June 1957|website=ed-thelen.org|series=A Second Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems))</ref>

==1103A==
The '''UNIVAC 1103A''' or Univac Scientific was an upgraded version introduced in March 1956.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VH1UAAAAMAAJ&q=1103A+|title=Data Management|date=1972|publisher=Data Processing Management Association|pages=28|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pa1EAAAAIAAJ&q=UNIVAC+1103A+1956|title=The Time-phasing and Size of Computer Installations|last=Ballot|first=Michael|date=1973|publisher=Stanford University|pages=233|language=en))</ref><ref name=LegacyMIS>((cite book
|title=ACHIEVING ACCURACY: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU3v0tbq8acC
|isbn=978-1-4628-1065-9|last1 = McMurran|first1 = Marshall William|date = 11 December 2008))</ref>((Page needed|date=December 2017))

Significant new features on the 1103A were its magnetic-core memory and the addition of [[interrupt]]s to the processor.<ref>((cite book|author1=Rául Rojas|author2=Ulf Hashagen|title=The first computers: history and architectures|publisher=MIT Press|year=2002|isbn=0-262-68137-4|page=198))</ref> The UNIVAC 1103A had up to 12,288 words of 36-bit magnetic [[core memory]], in one to three banks of 4,096 words each.

[[fixed-point arithmetic|Fixed-point]] numbers had a one-bit sign and a 35-bit value, with negative values represented in [[ones' complement]] format. [[floating point arithmetic|Floating-point]] numbers had a one-bit sign, an eight-bit characteristic, and a 27-bit mantissa. [[Instruction set|Instructions]] had a six-bit operation code and two 15-bit operand addresses.

The 1103A was contemporary with, and a competitor to, the [[IBM 704]], which also employed vacuum-tube logic, magnetic-core memory, and floating-point hardware.

A version of this machine was sold to the Lewis Research Center, NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics)  in Cleveland, Ohio. It had the first magnetic core of 1096 words of 36 bits. The magnetic drum storage had a capacity of 16,384 words, and the clock speed was 500KHz. Input/output was teletype paper tape.  When NACA became NASA in 1958, a series of improvements was begun to improve functionality and reliability. Over the next ten years, the machine was significantly upgraded by replacing the magnetic core with a commercial solid state 16,384 word magnetic core system. An 8 unit magnetic tape system, a floating point arithmetic unit, and an indirect addressing unit were designed and built in-house. All solid-state commercial electronics modules were interfaced to the vacuum tube electronics in the original machine.

==1104==
The 1104 system was a 30-[[bit]] version of the 1103 built for [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse Electric]] in 1957, for use on the [[Bomarc Missile Program|BOMARC Missile Program]]. However, by the time the BOMARC was deployed in the 1960s, a more modern computer (a version of the [[AN/USQ-20]], designated the G-40) had replaced the UNIVAC 1104.<ref>((cite journal|url=https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/The_UNIVAC_1102,_1103,_and_1104#The_1104|title=The 1104|journal=Unisys History Newsletter|volume=6|number=1|date=January 2002|author=George Gray|access-date=December 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305172816/https://wiki.cc.gatech.edu/folklore/index.php/The_UNIVAC_1102,_1103,_and_1104#The_1104|archive-date=March 5, 2016))</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of UNIVAC products]]
*[[History of computing hardware]]
*[[List of vacuum-tube computers]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/oh/index.html Oral history interviews on ERA 1103], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota.  Interviewees include [http://purl.umn.edu/107209 William W. Butler]; [http://purl.umn.edu/107220 Arnold A. Cohen]; [http://purl.umn.edu/107551 William C. Norris]; [http://purl.umn.edu/107538 Frank C. Mullaney]; [http://purl.umn.edu/107639 Marvin L. Stein]; and [http://purl.umn.edu/107673 James E. Thornton].

((DEFAULTSORT:Univac 1103))
[[Category:UNIVAC mainframe computers|1103]]
[[Category:Military computers]]
[[Category:Vacuum tube computers]]
[[Category:36-bit computers]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

UNIVAC 1103 (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox computing device (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Infobox information appliance (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nowrap (view source) (protected)
Template:Page needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Refimprove (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Start date and age (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Years or months ago (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to UNIVAC 1103.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC_1103"