USA-10, also known as Navstar 11, GPS I-11 and GPS SVN-11, was an American navigation satellite launched in 1985 as part of the Global Positioning System development programme. It was the last of eleven Block I GPS satellites to be launched.^[2]

Background

Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide all-weather round-the-clock navigation capabilities for military ground, sea, and air forces. Since its implementation, GPS has also become an integral asset in numerous civilian applications and industries around the globe, including recreational used (e.g., boating, aircraft, hiking), corporate vehicle fleet tracking, and surveying. GPS employs 24 spacecraft in 20,200 km circular orbits inclined at 55°. These vehicles are placed in 6 orbit planes with four operational satellites in each plane.^[1]

Spacecraft

The first eleven spacecraft (GPS Block 1) were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the GPS system. They were 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing using reaction wheels. Dual solar arrays supplied over 400 watts. They had S-band communications for control and telemetry and Ultra high frequency (UHF) cross-link between spacecraft. They were manufactured by Rockwell Space Systems, were 5.3 meters across with solar panels deployed, and had a design life expectancy of 5 years. Unlike the later operational satellites, GPS Block 1 spacecraft were inclined at 63°.^[1]

Launch

USA-10 was launched at 02:53 UTC on 9 October 1985, atop an Atlas E launch vehicle with an SGS-2 upper stage. The Atlas used had the serial number 55E, and was originally built as an Atlas E.^[3] The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 3W at Vandenberg Air Force Base,^[4] and placed USA-10 into a transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-27 apogee motor.^[2]

Mission

By 8 November 1985, USA-10 had been raised to an orbit with a perigee of 19,829 km (12,321 mi), an apogee of 20,532 km (12,758 mi), a period of 717.90 minutes, and 63.40° of inclination to the equator.^[5] The satellite had a design life of 5 years and a mass of 758 kg (1,671 lb).^[2] It broadcast the PRN 03 signal in the GPS demonstration constellation, and was retired from service on 14 April 1994.