Shamrock Bay was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, which remains the most numerous type of aircraft carrier ever built,[2] as the class was designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was 512 ft 3 in (156.13 m) long overall, had a beam of 65 ft 2 in (19.86 m), and a draft of 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m). She displaced 8,188 long tons (8,319 t) standard, 10,902 long tons (11,077 t) with a full load. She had a 257 ft (78 m) long hangar deck and a 477 ft (145 m) long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing 9,000 horsepower (6,700 kW), thus enabling her to make 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). The ship had a cruising range of 10,240 nautical miles (18,960 km; 11,780 mi) at a speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). Her compact size necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.[2][3][4]
One 5 in (127 mm)/38caliberdual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as twelve Oerlikon 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck.[4] By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons, and the amount of Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. During the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf, she carried 20 FM-2 Wildcatfighters, 11 TBM-3 Avengertorpedo bombers, and a TBM-3P photo reconnaissanceplane for a total of 32 aircraft.[5] However, during the Battle of Okinawa, she carried 18 FM-2 fighters and 12 TBM-3 torpedo bombers for a total of 30 aircraft.[6]
Construction
Shamrock Bay's construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942. She was laid down on 15 November 1943 under the name Shamrock Bay as part of the tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska.[7] As the thirtieth of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers, she was laid down as MC hull 1121. She was launched on 4 February 1944, sponsored by Mrs. James R. Dudley, and then transferred to the Navy for commissioning on 15 March 1944, with Captain Frank Trenwith Ward Jr. in command. Upon being commissioned, she received the classification symbolCVE-84, indicating that she was the eighty-fourth escort carrier to be commissioned into the United States Navy.[1][8]
Service history
Three Casablanca-class escort carriers berthed at Astoria, Oregon, 6 April 1944. The bottommost carrier is Shamrock Bay.Shamrock Bay's port hull is photographed by a blimp from Airship Patrol Squadron (ZP) 12 off the East Coast on 26 October 1944, as it returns to Norfolk, Virginia.Army Air Corps P-47D variant Thunderbolt fighters are photographed packed into the hangar deck of Shamrock Bay during a transport run in the Atlantic Ocean sometime in July 1944. Note the basketball hoop at the top-left of the image and the movie screen in the center background.
Upon being commissioned, Shamrock Bay underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast, after which she conducted pilot qualifications until June 1944. She was then assigned transport duty within the Atlantic Ocean, first conducting a transport run ferrying fighters and military passengers to Casablanca, French Morocco. She then took on a load of damaged P-40 Warhawk fighters, which she transported back to the United States to be used in training and/or salvaged, as well as a load of aircraft engines, which when brought back to the States, would be overhauled or salvaged. She also took on another load of military passengers back to the East Coast, which consisted mostly of Army Air Corps personnel that had been serving in the China Burma India Theater.[8]
On 27 October, Shamrock Bay had just returned to Norfolk, Virginia, after completing her second transport run, and she was fitting out for anti-submarine operations within the South Atlantic. However, with the loss of her sistersGambier Bay and St. Lo in the Battle off Samar, U.S. Navy command found it judicious to dispatch Shamrock Bay as a replacement within the Pacific theater. Therefore, after taking onboard Composite Squadron (VC) 42 on 11 November, which consisted of twenty-eight aircraft (16 FM-2 Wildcats and 12 TBM-3 Avengers) to be transported to Pearl Harbor, she sailed for the Pacific Ocean, along with Wake Island.[8]
Shamrock Bay underway carrying Composite Squadron (VC) 42 off of Norfolk, Virginia, 11 November 1944
Shamrock Bay passed through the Panama Canal on 18 November, and proceeding northwards, she docked at San Diego, California on 27 November. There, on 2 December, she embarked Composite Squadron (VC) 93. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 9 December, where she unloaded her aircraft contingent, and where she also took on Composite Squadron (VC) 94, which was to be her actual fighting aircraft contingent. On 11 December, she proceeded westwards, delivering some aircraft to Johnston Atoll en route. She arrived at Seeadler Harbor, on Manus Island of the Admiralty Islands on 22 December, where she joined with the 7th Fleet.[8]
On 31 December, the American fleet departed from Seeadler Harbor, with the escort carriers being placed in Task Group 77.4, under the command of Rear AdmiralCalvin T. Durgin, Shamrock Bay and her sister Kitkun Bay were assigned to Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie's Task Unit 77.4.3, the Lingayen Protective Group.[5] En route, until 8 January 1945, when the American fleet arrived within Lingayen Gulf, the task unit's aircraft contingent provided an air screen for the invasion force as it transited towards north Luzon. During the latter half the transit, her aircraft screen began engaging aerial resistance, which increased as the fleet moved north. On 4 January, her sister Ommaney Bay was crippled by a kamikaze attack and subsequently scuttled. On 5 January, another sister, Manila Bay was damaged by a pair of two kamikazes, and on 8 January, yet another sister, Kadashan Bay was hit by a kamikaze, which forced two of her aircraft to land onboard Shamrock Bay. The sinking of Ommaney Bay resulted in Shamrock Bay being transferred to Task Unit 77.4.2, the San Fabian Carrier Group under Rear Admiral Felix B. Stump. This meant that she would also have to assume some of her assigned duties, such as providing close air support for the landing U.S. forces.[9] On 9 January, Shamrock Bay transferred one of her TBM-3 torpedo bombers to Manila Bay to help replace the seven torpedo bombers that Manila Bay had lost during her kamikaze attack.[8][10]
On the late afternoon of 10 January, Task Unit 77.4.3 was proceeding behind and covering Task Force 79, the Lingayen Attack Force. At 18:06, a group of aircraft were spotted approaching the carriers from the southwest, at a distance of about 20 mi (32 km). Eight fighters from Kitkun Bay and four fighters from Shamrock Bay were scrambled to meet this threat, and although half of the fighters missed their target, six fighters from Kitkun Bay were able to intercept the kamikazes, downing many of them.[11] However, two kamikazes were able to pass through the screen unmolested, making their way towards the two escort carriers. At 18:55, as darkness approached, the two planes began making their dives and were met by intense flak from the two carriers. One of the planes, apparently discouraged by the anti-aircraft fire, veered off, but the other plane, a Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar", which first appeared to be headed towards Shamrock Bay, plunged towards Kitkun Bay instead, smashing into the latter's port at the waterline at a high velocity, inflicting severe damage. Many of her aircraft that were already in the air were thus compelled to land onboard Shamrock Bay, and Rear Admiral Ofstie was forced to transfer his flag to Shamrock Bay as well.[8][12]
After arriving on 8 January, until 17 January, when the escort carriers left Lingayen Gulf, Shamrock Bay, aside from providing an air screen against kamikazes, also conducted flight operations in close support of the ground invasion. 571 sorties were logged by Composite Squadron 94, 180 of which were flown over Luzon. On 17 January, she joined Task Group 77.14 and sailed for Ulithi Atoll in the Caroline Islands, where she joined Task Unit 50.8.25, which was assigned to provide air cover for Task Group 50.8, the Logistics Support Group, which provided replacement aircraft, supplies, and replacement personnel to the Fast Carrier Task Force. On 16 February, she departed Ulithi, and she arrived off of Iwo Jima, along with the replenishment carriers, on 19 February, just as the first landings were taking place. Assigned to group Baker of the Logistics Support Group, she, along with Makassar Strait was responsible for providing air cover for the aircraft deliveries of Bougainville, Admiralty Islands, Attu, and Windham Bay.[8][13]
On 5 March, she returned to Ulithi in preparation for the planned landings on Okinawa Island. On 13 March, she steamed for the Ryukyu Islands as a part of Task Unit 50.8.13, with the Farragut-classdestroyersDewey and Aylwin providing a physical screen for Shamrock Bay.[6] As with the Invasion of Iwo Jima, Shamrock Bay provided air cover for the Logistics Support Group. She was detached from Task Group 50.8 on 7 April, shortly after the main landings on Northern Okinawa, whereupon she joined Task Unit 52.1.1, trading places with Savo Island. Shortly after being transferred, Shamrock Bay commenced close air support operations over Okinawa.[8][14]
Rockets are loaded onto the folded wing of a TBM-3 Avenger of Composite Squadron 96 on the flight deck of Shamrock Bay in preparation for strikes to be conducted in support of the Battle of Okinawa. Note the extended Yagi-Uda antenna visible on the left side of the photo.
On 16 April, four of Shamrock Bay's FM-2 fighters were dispatched to help the Allen M. Sumner-classdestroyerUSS Laffey(DD-724), which was under heavy attack from kamikazes about 50 mi (80 km) north of Okinawa. The four fighters that Shamrock Bay dispatched shot down six of the threatening kamikazes, but they were forced to withdraw due to the depletion of their fuel and ammunition. Laffey was later saved by the intervention of twelve Marine CorpsVought F4U Corsairfighter-bombers.[8]
Shamrock Bay remained at station in support of the operations on Okinawa until 11 May, with only a few short interruptions to take on supplies and ammunition at Kerama Retto. During this period, on 20 April, Captain James Edward Leeper took over command of the vessel. On 11 May, she sailed for Guam in the Marianas Islands, and upon arriving, she took on munitions and supplies and her aircraft contingent was rotated, with Composite Squadron 94 rotating off, and Composite Squadron 96 rotating on. On 28 May, she departed Apra Harbor to return to duty off of Okinawa, this time as a part of Task Unit 32.1.1. Immediately after returning, Shamrock Bay rode out Typhoon Connie, but she suffered no serious damage. She continued flight operations until mid-June, when she headed for the Philippines. Over 1,200 sorties were logged by Composite Squadron 96 in support of the Okinawa campaign.[8]
In the foreground, aircraft are photographed being loaded onto the flight deck of Shamrock Bay at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, on 14 August 1945. The fleet carrierRanger is docked in the background.
Shamrock Bay arrived within San Pedro Bay on 27 June, and in early July, she transferred some of her aircraft contingent to Guiuan Airfield. On 5 July, she sailed for Guam again, where she took on a load of aircraft engines, which were to be ferried to the United States for overhaul, and she arrived at San Diego on 27 July. There, the rest of Composite Squadron 96 was disembarked, and her crew began a period of availability that ended just before the Surrender of Japan was announced on 15 August.[8]
Post-war
Following the end of the war, Shamrock Bay first made a transport run to Guam, delivering aircraft to the island and then returning vehicles to the West Coast. Upon returning, she then joined the "Magic Carpet" fleet, which repatriated U.S. servicemen from throughout the Pacific. She unloaded her unnecessary aviation stores and her aviation personnel at Naval Air Station Alameda, and on 20 October, she headed to Pearl Harbor to conduct her first "Magic Carpet" run, ferrying men of the 4th Marine Division back to the West Coast. She finished that run at San Diego on 2 November, and then made two transpacific "Magic Carpet" runs, one to Okinawa, and another to Honshu. She finished her third run at Seattle, Washington on 26 January 1946, whereupon she was released from the "Magic Carpet" fleet. She proceeded southwards back to Alameda on 2 February, and on 7 February, she steamed for the East Coast for inactivation work.[8]
Shamrock Bay arrived at Boston on 1 March, where she underwent overhaul, and she was subsequently decommissioned and mothballed on 6 July 1946, joining the Boston group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, mooring at the South Boston Naval Annex. On 12 June 1955, she was redesignated as a utility aircraft carrier, receiving the hull symbol CVU-84. She was struck from the Navy list on 27 June 1958, and in May 1958, she was sold for scrapping to the Hyman-Michaels Co., of Chicago. She was ultimately broken up in Hong Kong during November 1959. Shamrock Bay received three battle stars for her World War II service.[4][8]
Chesneau, Robert; Gardiner, Robert (1980), Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, London, England: Naval Institute Press, ISBN9780870219139
Y'Blood, William (2014), The Little Giants: U.S. Escort Carriers Against Japan (E-book), Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN9781612512471
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