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((Short description|Eastern European military conflict (1917–1921)))
((about|the 1917 to 1921 conflict|the conflict during 2014–present|Russo-Ukrainian War))
((More citations needed|date=May 2012))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2022))

((Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Ukrainian War of Independence
| partof            = the [[Russian Civil War]] <!--(I don't know why this parameter is currently invisible in the infobox?!) -- Because of the empty "partof" below, containing only the following comment:-->  <!-- the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War I]], the [[Polish–Soviet War]], and the [[Southern Front of the Russian Civil War|Southern Front]] of the [[Russian Civil War]] -->
| image             = ((multiple image | border=infobox |direction = horizontal | total_width= |perrow=2 | header = | footer = {''clockwise from top left''): Members of the Yuzovka  ([[Donetsk]]) First [[Ispolkom|District Executive Committee]] in 1917; Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers swearing an oath in 1919; Anarchist [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|Black Army]] command in Berdyansk in 1919; Polish troops in [[Kyiv]] in 1920.
| image1 = 1917. Члены первого уездного исполкома Юзовки.jpg | alt1 = aaa | caption1 =
| image2= Ukrainian-brigade-1919.jpg | alt2 =bbb | caption2 =  | image3 =Polish troops in Kiev.jpg   | alt3 =bbb | caption3 =  | image4 = Nestor Makhno and his Lieutenants, Berdyansk, 1919.jpg | alt4 =bbb | caption4 =  ))
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = 
| date              = 7 March 1917 – 17 November 1921<br>(((Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=07|year1=1917|month2=11|day2=17|year2=1921)))
| place             = Ukraine
| territory         = Most of Ukraine is conquered by the [[Red Army]], resulting in the creation of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], while an independent [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] seizes most of the territory of present-day [[western Ukraine]].
| result            = [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] victory
| combatant1        = ((plainlist|
*((flag|Ukrainian People's Republic)) 
*((flag|West Ukrainian People's Republic))
))
----((plainlist|
*((flagcountry|German Empire)) 
*((flagcountry|Second Polish Republic|1919)) 
))
| combatant2        = ((plainlist|
*((flagcountry|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|1918))
**((flagcountry|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets|1917)) 
**((flagcountry|Ukrainian Soviet Republic|1918)) 
**((flagcountry|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1919)) 
))
----((flag|Makhnovshchina))
| combatant3        = ((plainlist|
*((flag|Ukrainian State)) 
*((flagcountry|South Russia (1919–1920))) 
))
----((plainlist|
*((flagcountry|German Empire)) 
))
----((plainlist|
*((flagcountry|Second Polish Republic|1919))
*((flag|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania)) 
))
| commander1        = ((plainlist|
*((flagicon|Ukrainian People's Republic)) [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]]
*((nowrap|((flagicon|Ukrainian People's Republic)) [[Symon Petliura]]))
*((flagicon|West Ukrainian People's Republic)) [[Yevhen Petrushevych]]
*((flagicon|West Ukrainian People's Republic)) [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko|Mykhailo Pavlenko]]
*((flagicon|West Ukrainian People's Republic)) [[Oleksander Hrekov]]
))
| commander2        = ((plainlist|
*((nowrap|((flagicon|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1919)) [[Stanisław Kosior]]))
*((flagicon|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1919)) [[Grigory Petrovsky]]
*((flagicon|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1919)) [[Christian Rakovsky]]
*((flagicon|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|1918)) [[Alexander Yegorov (soldier)|Alexander Yegorov]]
*((flagicon|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|1918)) [[Mikhail Frunze]]
----((flagicon|Makhnovshchina)) [[Nestor Makhno]]
))
| commander3        = ((plainlist|
*((nowrap|((flagicon|Ukrainian State)) [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]]))
*((flagicon|South Russia (1919–1920))) [[Anton Denikin]]
*((flagicon|South Russia (1919–1920))) [[Pyotr Wrangel]]
))
----((flagdeco|German Empire)) [[Hermann von Eichhorn|H. von Eichhorn]]((KIA))
----((plainlist|
*((flagicon|Second Polish Republic|1919)) [[Józef Piłsudski]]
*((flagicon|Kingdom of Romania)) [[Ernest Broșteanu]]
))
| strength1         = ((plainlist|
*[[File:Coat of Arms of UNR-1.svg|25px]] [[Ukrainian People's Army]]: 100,000 (peak)
*[[File:ZUNR coa.svg|25px]] [[Ukrainian Galician Army]]: 70,000 (peak)
))
| strength2         = [[File:Soviet Red Army Hammer and Plough.svg|25px]] [[Southern Front (RSFSR)|Red Army]]
----
((army|Makhnovshchina|50px)): 103,000 (peak)
| strength3         = [[File:Volunteer Army Insignia.svg|25px]] [[Volunteer Army]]: 40,000 (peak)
----
[[File:Kaiserstandarte.svg|border|x25px]] [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] 
----
((plainlist|
*[[File:POL Wojska Lądowe.svg|25px]] [[Polish Armed Forces|Polish Army]]: 190,000 (peak)
*((army|Kingdom of Romania)): 4,000 (peak)
))
| casualties1       = 
| casualties2       = 
))
((History of Ukraine))
The '''Ukrainian War of Independence''', also referred to as the '''[[Ukrainian–Soviet War]]''' in Ukraine,<!-- , also known as the '''Ukrainian Revolution''' or the '''Ukrainian Liberation struggle''', --> lasted from March 1917 to November 1921. It saw the establishment and development of an independent [[Ukrainian People's Republic|Ukrainian republic]], most of which was absorbed into the [[Soviet Union]] as the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] of 1922((ndash))1991.

The war was fought between different governmental, political and military forces. Belligerents included Ukrainian nationalists, [[Makhnovshchina|Ukrainian anarchists]], the [[Central Powers|forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary]], the [[White Movement|White Russian]] [[Volunteer Army]], and [[Second Polish Republic]] forces. They struggled for control of Ukraine after the [[February Revolution]] of 1917. 

The war ensued soon after the [[October Revolution]], when the Bolshevik leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] dispatched the [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko|Antonov]]'s [[Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|expeditionary group]] to Ukraine and [[Southern Russia]].

The war resulted in the absorption of Ukrainian populations into the newly-created Soviet Union and the Second Polish Republic. Soviet historical tradition viewed the Bolshevik victory as the liberation of Ukraine from occupation by the armies of Western and Central Europe, including that of Poland. Modern Ukrainian historians consider it a failed [[war of independence]] by the Ukrainian People's Republic against the Bolsheviks. The conflict can be viewed within the framework of the [[Southern Front of the Russian Civil War|Southern Front]] of the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917((ndash))1922, as well as the closing stage of the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] of World War I.

==Background==
During the First World War, Ukraine was in the front lines of two of the main combatants, [[Imperial Russia]] and [[Austria-Hungary]].((r|Subtelny-2000|p=340)) During the war, [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] activists in Russia were treated as [[Espionage#Agents_in_espionage|enemy agents]], and newspapers and cultural organisations were shut down by the authorities. The Austrians in turn persecuted [[Galician Russophilia|Galician Russophiles]], arresting them and their families. The region was cleared of Russophiles when Austria recaptured Galicia from the Russians later in the war.((r|Plokhy-2016|pp=202–203))((clarify|reason=How did the Austrians "clear" the region when they didn't control it?|date=February 2024)) 

In response to the [[February Revolution]] in March 1917, political and cultural organisations in [[Kyiv]] created a council, the [[Central Council of Ukraine|Central Rada]], and in April the 900 delegates elected [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]] as its leader. Hrushevsky believed that the time had come for greater Ukrainian autonomy within Russia.((r|1=Plokhy-2016|1p=205|2=Reid-2000|2p=100)) That month, 100,000 supporters went on the streets of Kyiv in support of the Central Rada.((r|Reid-2000|p=99)) The new government, which claimed jurisdiction over five Ukrainian [[Governorate (Russia)|governorates]], was recognised as the government of Ukraine in [[Petrograd]].((r|1=Plokhy-2016|2p=205|2=Zhukovsky-2)) Ukrainians from Moscow and Petrograd returned to Kyiv to aid the work of the new government.((r|Plokhy-2016|p=207)) 

The Central Rada was supported by Ukrainian officers and their men. Those at the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|front]] continued to fight for the Russians, but were keen to return home, following promises by the Central Rada that [[Land reform|land would be redistributed]].((r|Plokhy-2016|p=206)) As it became clearer that such promises were never going to be fulfilled, many began to support the [[Bolsheviks]].((r|Plokhy-2016|p=207)) In the south of Ukraine, [[Nestor Makhno]] began his [[anarcho-communism|anarchist activity]], disarming deserting Russian soldiers and officers. In the eastern [[Donets Basin]] there were frequent strikes by Bolshevik-infiltrated trade unions.((r|Plokhy-2016|pp=207–208))

The Central Rada proclaimed four [[Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)|Universals]], declaring Ukrainian autonomy on 23 June 1917 (stating that "Ukraine should have the right to order their own lives in their own land”),((r|1=Zhukovsky-2|2=Reid-2000|p=99)) issuing recognition agreements between the Central Rada and the Provisional Government in Petrograd on 16 July, and announcing the creation of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR) was created on 20 November.((r|Zhukovsky-2))

== Outbreak of fighting (late 1917((snd)) January 1918)==
((Campaignbox Russian Civil War))
The Central Rada’s authority didn’t extend beyond the urban centres,((r|Reid-2000|p=99)) and following the proclamations, it was faced with external attacks and an internal workers' uprising. The Central Rada [[Ukrainian People's Army|lacked a disciplined standing army]] or state apparatus, and it had to appeal to the population to mobilise.((r|Plokhy-2016|pp=207, 209–210)) In late December 1917 the [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist Party of Ukraine]] set up the rival [[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]]—initially also called the Ukrainian People's Republic—in the eastern city of [[Kharkiv]], where [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko]] had established his headquarters. Their intention was initially to cut off [[Alexey Kaledin]]'s forces in the [[Don (river)|Don]] region from Ukraine. In January, the Bolsheviks moved through Ukraine, with the aim of taking Kyiv, and the Central Rada began to lose control of the urban centres as the workers' support for the Bolsheviks increased.((r|1=Chamberlin-1935a|1pp=373–377|2=Plokhy-2016|2pp=207–208)) The [[Odessa Soviet Republic]], which was created on 18 January, was one of a number of temporary bodies formed by the Bolsheviks.((r|Dornik-2015|pp=76–77)) 

Bolshevik forces led by [[Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov]] quickly took [[Poltava]], followed by [[Dnipro|Yekaterinoslav ]] on 10 January 1918, Zherminka and [[Vinnitsa]] on 23 January, [[Odesa]] on 30 January, and [[Mykolaiv|Nikolaev]] on 4 February.  Slowed by the [[Battle of Kruty]] on 30 January—but aided by the [[Kiev Arsenal January Uprising]], a Bolshevik-organized workers' armed revolt that started on January 29—Kyiv was captured by the Bolsheviks on 9 February, following their victory in the [[Battle of Kiev (1918)|Battle of Kiev]]. The Rada ministers retreated to [[Zhytomyr]]. Muravyov then engaged [[Romanian Land Forces#World War I|Romanians forces]] in [[Bessarabia]].((r|Chamberlin-1935a|pp=373–377))

Most of the remaining [[Russian Army (1917)|Russian Army]] units either allied with the Bolsheviks or joined the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A notable exception was the [[White Movement]] military leader [[Mikhail Drozdovsky]], who marched his troops across [[Novorossiya]] to the Don to join forces with [[ Mikhail Alekseev]]'s [[Volunteer Army]].((r|Luckett-1987|p=155))

==German intervention==
<!-- [[File:UNR 2.1918 Brest-Litovsk.png|thumb|UNR 2.1918 Brest-Litovsk]]
 -->
[[File:Northwestern boundary of Ukraine by the Treaty of Brest Litovsk.jpg|thumb|The north-western boundary of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic|UPR]], as set by the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|first Treaty of Brest Litovsk]]]]
Following Bolshevik negotiations with the [[Central Powers]] at [[Brest-Litovsk]] on 3 December 1917, the Central Rada expressed its desire for peace, and on 28 December an armistice was signed.((r|2=Borschak|1=Plokhy-2016|2pp=209–210))  

On 12 January the Central Powers, recognized the UPR delegation. Independence of the UPR was proclaimed in the Fourth Universal on 25 January 1918. On 1 February the plenary session was attended by the Kharkiv ‘Soviet Ukrainian government.((r|Borschak)) The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|first Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed on 9 February. In return for much needed food supplies and agricultural products, Germany and Austria promised to provide the UPR with military assistance against the Bolsheviks. The Allied Powers reacted against the treaty and suspended relations with the UPR.((r|Plokhy-2016|pp=209–210))((refn|1=Austria-Hungary and the UPR secretly agreed to unify areas of eastern Galicia and Bukovyna where the Ukrainians predominated. But in July 1918 Austria annulled this agreement.((r|Borschak))|group=note))((refn|1=In 1922 the commitments made by the Central Powers were annulled.((r|Borschak))|group=note))

===Expulsion of Bolshevik forces===
The [[German Army (German Empire)|German]] and [[Common Army|Austro-Hungarian]] armies then launched [[Operation Faustschlag]], which resulted in the Bolshevik forces being driven out of Ukraine. Kyiv was taken on 1 March by a force of 450,000 German troops.((r|2=Plokhy-2016|2pp=210–211|1=Tynchenko-2018)) Two days later the Bolsheviks signed the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] with the Central Powers, which formally ended hostilities on the Eastern Front. Russia agreed to recognize the previous UPR treaty, to sign a peace treaty with Ukraine, and to define the Russian/Ukrainian border.((r|Borschak))

On 13 March, Ukrainian troops and the Austro-Hungarian Army secured Odesa.((r|Tynchenko-2018)) The Ukrainian People's Army took control of the Donets Basin,((r|Zhukovsky)) and [[Crimea Operation (1918)|Crimea was cleared of Bolshevik forces]] in April 1918.((r|Tynchenko-2018|New-York-Herald-1918)) Crimea, although occiped by the Germans, was not annexed by the UPR.((r|Plokhy-2016|pp=210–211)) Despite these victories, civil disturbances continued throughout Ukraine, where local communists, peasant self-defence groups, and insurgents refused to submit to the Germans.((r|Smoliy-2011|p=364))

===Hetmanate (April((snd)) November 1918)===
[[File:Skoropadsky - 1918 (3).jpg|thumb|[[Pavlo Skoropadsky]]]]
On 28 April, the Central Rada was disbanded by the Germans,((r|Reid-2000|p=100)) and the following day, a [[1918 Ukrainian coup d'état|German-backed coup]] against the UPR government was staged.((r|Shurkhalo-2018)) The [[Ukrainian State]], with [[Pavlo Skoropadsky]] as its self-appointed [[Hetman of all Ukraine]], then replaced the UPR. Skoropadsky annulled the previous legal status and all laws of the UPR.((r|Zhukovsky-2)) Under his government, new banks, government departments and a standing army were all created, and the Ukrainian language was introduced into schools. The Central Rada politicians refused to cooperate with Skoropadsky, and he was unpopular with the workers, who felt suppressed by the actions of his regime.((r|Plokhy-2016|pp=210–211)) A body known as the [[Directorate of Ukraine]] was formed to overthrow Skoropadsky's regime.((r|Plokhy-2016|p=212)) 

After the defeat of Germany on the Western Front in November 1918, most of the German troops stationed Ukraine had no wish to remain there in support of the Hetmanate, Skoropadskyi, in an effort to appease the Allies, signed the ((ill|Federal Charter (1918)|lt=Federal Charter|uk|Федеративна грамота)), which stipulated that Ukraine would be part of a future federal Russia.((r|HaiNyzhnyk-2011)) An [[anti-Hetman Uprising]] on 14 November, led by the [[Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party]], rose up against Skoropadsky,((r|Plokhy-2016|p=212)) followed by an uprising on 16 November 1918 by the Directorate.((r|Boiko|The-Ukrainian-Week-2023))

Skoropadskyi declared martial law, and mobilised his troops to quell the rebellion.((r|Boiko)) The Directorate army initially succeeded in securing most of Ukraine, but were then decisively defeated by remaining German forces.((r|Shurkhalo))
The ((ill|Siege Corps of the Sich Riflemen|uk|Осадний корпус військ УНР)) captured Kyiv after a two-week siege.((r|Boiko)) Skoropadskyi chose to abdicate, fleeing to Germany,((r|1=Reid-2000|2p=101|2=British-Library-2018)) and his government surrendered to the Directorate the next day.((r|Balan)) On 14 December, the Directory's troops entered the city, taking over the institutions introduced by the Hetmanate.((r|Plokhy-2016|p=212))

==West Ukrainian People's Republic==
[[File:Orleta Eaglets defending the Łyczaków Cemetery during the Siege of Lwów.jpg|thumb|[[Wojciech Kossak]], ''Eaglets – Defense of the Cemetery'' (1926). [[Lwów Eaglets]] depicted during the Siege of Lwów ([[Lviv]]). ([[Polish Army Museum]])]]
In October 1918 Ukrainians announced the formation of the [[Western Ukrainian People's Republic]] (WUPR) from the Austrian territories of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galacia]], [[Bukovyna]] and [[Carpathian_Ruthenia#Transitional_period_(1918–1919)|Transcarpathia]]. As both the Ukrainians and the Poles claimed the region, the [[Polish–Ukrainian War]] started, when fighting broke out between Ukrainian forces and the [[Polish Military Organisation]].((sfn|Plokhy|2016|p=212))((sfn|Reid|2000|p=102)) On 1 November, Polish [[Lviv]] fell to the West Ukrainians, but after it was retaken three weeks later by the Polish forces, the WUPR government moved to [[Ternopil]] and soon afterwards to [[Stanyslaviv]]. In January 1919, the two Ukrainian states decided to merge.((sfn|Plokhy|2016|p=212))

Simultaneously, the collapse of the Central Powers affected Galicia, which was populated by Ukrainians and Poles. The Ukrainians proclaimed a [[West Ukrainian People's Republic|Western Ukrainian People's Republic]] (WUNR) in Eastern Galicia, which wished to unite with the UPR; while the Poles of Eastern Galicia—who were mainly concentrated in Lviv—gave their allegiance to the newly formed [[Second Polish Republic]]. Both sides became increasingly hostile with each other. On 22 January 1919, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic signed an [[Unification Act|Act of Union]] in Kyiv. By October 1919, the [[Ukrainian Galician Army]] of the WUNR was defeated by Polish forces in the Polish–Ukrainian War and Eastern Galicia was annexed to Poland; the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] of 1919 granted Eastern Galicia to Poland for 25 years.<ref name="Zhu">((cite web |last1=Zhukovsky|first1=Arkadii |title=Struggle for Independence (1917–20)
|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=25 September 2023))</ref>

==Resumed hostilities, 1919==
((See also|Ukrainian–Soviet War|Ukrainian Death Triangle|First Winter Campaign))
Almost immediately after the defeat of [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s government annulled their [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk|Brest-Litovsk treaty]]—which [[Leon Trotsky]] described as "no war no peace"—and invaded Ukraine and other countries of Eastern Europe that were formed under [[German Army (German Empire)|German protection]]. 

[[File:Odessa French intervention 1919.jpg|thumb|French troops in Odesa, 1919]]
The defeat of Germany had also opened the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], and in mid-December 1918 some [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|mixed forces under French command]] were landed at [[Odesa]] and [[Sevastopol]], and months later at [[Kherson]] and Mykolaiv (((lang-uk|[[Mykolaiv]]))). Yet, on 2 April, [[Louis Franchet d'Espèrey]] ordered [[Philippe Henri Joseph d'Anselme]] to evacuate Odessa within 72 hours. Similarly, on 30 April, the French evacuated Sevastopol.  According to Kenez, "The French withdrew not in order to avoid defeat, but in order to avoid fighting. They had no plans for evacuation. The French left behind enormous stores of military material. They embarked on an ambitious scheme without clear goals, without an understanding of the consequences and with insufficient forces."((r|Kenez-2004|pp=180–202))

A new, swift Bolshevik offensive overran most of Eastern and central Ukraine in early 1919. Kyiv—under the control of [[Symon Petliura]]'s [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]]—fell to the [[Red Army]] again on 5 February, and the exiled Soviet Ukrainian government was re-instated as the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. The [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR) was forced to retreat into Eastern Galicia along the Polish border, from [[Vinnytsia]] to [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], and finally to [[Rivne]]. According to Chamberlin, April was the greatest Soviet military success in Ukraine, "The Soviet regime was now at least nominally installed all over Ukraina, with the exception of the portion of the Donetz Basin which was held by Denikin." Yet in May, the Soviets had to deal with the [[Hryhoriv Uprising|mutiny]] of Otaman [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv]] and the advance of Denikin's forces.((r|Chamberlin-1935))

On 25 June 1919, [[Denikin]]'s [[Armed Forces of South Russia]] captured [[Kharkov]], followed by [[Ekaterinoslav]] on 30 June. According to [[Peter Kenez]], "Denikin's advance in the Ukraine was most spectatular. He took [[Poltava]] on July 31, [[Odesa]] on August 23, and [[Kyiv]] on August 31."((r|Kenez-2004))

Yet by winter the tide of war reversed decisively, and by 1920 all of Eastern and central Ukraine except Crimea was again in Bolshevik hands. The Bolsheviks also defeated [[Nestor Makhno]].((Citation needed|date=April 2023))

==Polish involvement, 1920==
((See also|Polish–Soviet War))
[[File:Rydz-Smigly defilada Kijów.jpg|thumb|[[Edward Śmigły-Rydz]] saluting the Polish Army in the [[Kyiv Victory Parade (1920)|parade celebrating recent victory]] in the [[Kiev offensive (1920)|1920 offensive]], Kyiv, 8 May 1920]]
Again facing imminent defeat, the UPR turned to its former adversary, [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]; and in April 1920, [[Józef Piłsudski]] and [[Symon Petliura]] signed a [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|military agreement in Warsaw]] to fight the [[Red Army|Bolsheviks]] together. Just like the former alliance with Germany, this move partially sacrificed Ukrainian sovereignty: Petliura recognised the [[Kresy|Polish annexation of Galicia]] and agreed to Ukraine's role in Piłsudski's dream of a [[Intermarium|Polish-led federation]] in Central and Eastern Europe.

Immediately after the alliance was signed, Polish forces joined the [[Ukrainian People's Army|Ukrainian army]] in the [[Kiev offensive (1920)|Kyiv offensive]] to capture central and southern Ukraine from Bolshevik control. Initially successful, the offensive reached Kyiv on 7 May 1920. However, the Polish-Ukrainian campaign ended in total failiure: in late May, the [[Red Army]] led by [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]] staged a large counter-offensive south of [[Zhytomyr]] which pushed the Polish army almost completely out of Ukraine, except for [[Lviv]] in Galicia. In yet another reversal, in August 1920 the Red Army was [[Battle of Warsaw (1920)|defeated near Warsaw]] and forced to retreat. The [[White movement|White forces]], now under [[Pyotr Wrangel|General Wrangel]], took advantage of the situation and started a new offensive in southern Ukraine. Under the combined circumstances of their military defeat in Poland, the renewed White offensive, and disastrous economic conditions throughout the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]—these together forced the Bolsheviks to seek a truce with Poland.

==End of hostilities, 1921==
((See also|Second Winter Campaign))
Soon after the Battle of Warsaw the Bolsheviks sued for peace with the Poles. The Poles, exhausted and constantly pressured by the Western governments and the [[League of Nations]], and with its army controlling the majority of the disputed territories, were willing to negotiate. The Soviets made two offers: one on 21 September and the other on 28 September. The Polish delegation made a counteroffer on 2 October. On the 5th, the Soviets offered amendments to the Polish offer, which Poland accepted. The Preliminary Treaty of Peace and [[Armistice]] Conditions between Poland on one side and Soviet Ukraine and Soviet Russia on the other was signed on 12 October, and the armistice went into effect on 18 October.((r|Entry-at-Internetowa-encyklopedia-PWN|League-of-Nations-Treaty-Series)) Ratifications were exchanged at [[Liepāja]] on 2 November 1920. Long negotiations of the final peace treaty ensued.

Meanwhile, Petliura's Ukrainian forces, which now numbered 23,000 soldiers and controlled territories immediately to the east of Poland, planned an offensive in Ukraine for 11 November but were attacked by the Bolsheviks on 10 November. By 21 November, after several battles, they were driven into Polish-controlled territory.((r|Ukraine))

On 18 March 1921, [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] signed a [[Treaty of Riga|peace treaty]] in [[Riga|Riga, Latvia]], with [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]]. This effectively ended Poland's alliance obligations with [[Directorate of Ukraine|Petliura's Ukrainian People's Republic]]. According to this treaty, the Bolsheviks recognized Polish control over Galicia (((lang-uk|Halychyna))) and [[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)|western Volhynia]]—the western part of Ukraine—while Poland recognized the larger central parts of Ukrainian territory, as well as eastern and southern areas, as part of Soviet Ukraine.

Having secured peace on the Western front, the Bolsheviks immediately moved to crush the remnants of the [[White Movement]]. After a final offensive on the [[Isthmus of Perekop]], the [[Red Army]] overran Crimea. Wrangel evacuated the [[Volunteer Army]] to [[Constantinople]] in November 1920. After its military and political defeat, the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] continued to maintain control over some of its military forces; in October 1921, it launched a series of [[guerrilla]] raids into central Ukraine that reached as far east as the modern [[Kiev Oblast|Kyiv Oblast]] ("Kyiv [[oblast|province]]"). On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured [[Korosten]] and seized a cache of military supplies, but on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed.

==Aftermath==
((Main|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic))
In the current [[Cherkasy Raion]] of [[Cherkasy Oblast]] (then in the [[Kiev Governorate|Kyiv Governorate]]), a local man named [[Vasyl Chuchupak]] led the "[[Kholodnyi Yar Republic]]" which strove for Ukrainian independence. It lasted from 1919 to 1922, making it the last territory held by armed supporters of an independent Ukrainian state before the incorporation of Ukraine into the [[Soviet Union]] as the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]].((r|Gazetaua-2010|Gerashchenko|Russian-Ukrainian))

In 1922, the Russian Civil War was coming to an end in the [[Russian Far East|Far East]], and the Communists proclaimed the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) as a federation of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Transcaucasia. The Ukrainian Soviet government was nearly powerless in the face of a centralized monolith [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] apparatus based in [[Moscow Kremlin|Moscow]]. In the new state, [[Ukrainians]] initially enjoyed a titular nation position during the [[Korenizatsiya|nativization]] and [[Ukrainization]] periods. However, by 1928 [[Joseph Stalin]] had consolidated power in the Soviet Union. Thus a campaign of cultural repression started, cresting in the 1930s when the [[Holodomor]], a massive man-made famine, was orchestrated by the Soviet government and claimed several million lives. The Polish-controlled part of Ukraine, there was [[Polonization#West Ukraine|very little autonomy, both politically and culturally]], but it was not affected by famine. In the late 1930s the internal borders of the Ukrainian SSR were redrawn with no significant changes.

The political status of Ukraine remained unchanged until the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] between the USSR and Nazi Germany in August 1939, in which the Red Army allied with Nazi Germany to invade Poland and [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union|incorporate Volhynia and Galicia into the Ukrainian SSR]]. In June 1941, Germany and its allies [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]] and conquered Ukraine completely within the first year of the conflict. Following the Soviet victory on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]], to which [[Ukrainians]] greatly contributed, the region of [[Carpathian Ruthenia]]—formerly a part of [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Hungary]] before 1919, of [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] from 1919 to 1939, of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] between 1939 and 1944, and again of [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] from 1944 to 1945—was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR, as were [[Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II|parts of interwar Poland]]. The final expansion of Ukraine took place in 1954, when [[Crimea]] was [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred to Ukraine]] from Russia with the approval of [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet leader]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]].

==Popular culture==
The war was portrayed in [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]'s novel ''[[The White Guard]]'',((r|Mikhail-Bulgakov)) which was serialised in 1925.((r|Britannica))

Songs such as "''[[Oi u luzi chervona kalyna]]''" ("Oh, the guilder rose in the meadow, bent down") and "((lang|uk|Hei vydno selo pid horoyu))" ("Look, a village at the foot of the mountain") that were adapted or wriiten for the [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]], became widely popular in Ukraine at the time. Because of their patriotic content, they were banned by the Soviets during much of the 20th century.((r|Wolynetz-2018))

==See also==
* [[Unification Act]]
* [[Ukrainian Death Triangle]]
* [[First Winter Campaign]]
* [[Second Winter Campaign]]
* [[Ukrainian Air Force#History|Ukrainian Air Force]]
* [[Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet]]
* [[Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic]]

==Notes==
((reflist|group=note))

== References ==
((reflist|refs=
<ref name="Borschak">((cite web |last1=Borschak|first1=Elie |title=Brest-Litovsk, Peace Treaty of |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\B\R\Brest6LitovskPeaceTreatyof.htm|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=28 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="Zhukovsky">((cite web |last1=Zhukovsky|first1=Arkadii |title=Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainian6SovietWar1917hD721.htm|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=28 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="Tynchenko-2018">((cite news |last1=Tynchenko |first1=Yaros |title=The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18 |url=http://ukrainianweek.com/History/105648 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=[[The Ukrainian Week]] |date=23 March 2018))</ref>
<ref name="New-York-Herald-1918">((cite news |title=Germany Takes Control of Crimea |url=https://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/1918-germany-takes-control-of-crimea/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[New York Herald]] |date=18 May 1918))</ref>
<ref name="Shurkhalo-2018">((cite news |last1=Shurkhalo |first1=Dmytro |title=100-ліття гетьманського перевороту: як Скоропадський прийшов до влади |url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/29196663.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[Radio Svoboda]] |date=29 April 2018 |page=|trans-title=100th anniversary of the Hetman coup: how Skoropadsky came to power |language=uk))</ref>
<ref name="Boiko">((Cite web |last=Boiko |first=Olena |title=Протигетьманське Повстання 1918 |trans-title=Anti-Hetman Uprising, 1918 |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Protyhetmanske_povstannia |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=[[Institute of History of Ukraine]] |language=uk))</ref>
<ref name="Shurkhalo">((cite news |last=Shurkhalo |first=Dmytro |title=Повстання проти гетьмана Скоропадського: Директорія виграла, але Україна втратила |language=uk |trans-title=Uprising against hetman Skoropadskyi: The Directory won, but Ukraine lost |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/29619489.html |access-date=15 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="British-Library-2018">((cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=Pavlo Skoropadskyi – Hetman of the Ukrainian State 1918 |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2018/08/pavlo-skoropadskyi-hetman-of-the-ukrainian-state-1918.html |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=[[British Library]]))</ref>
<ref name="Balan">((cite web |last1=Balan |first1=B. |last2=Shulhyn |first2=O. |last3=Zhukovsky |first3=A. |title=Hetman government |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmangovernment.htm |website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=15 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="Zhukovsky-2">((cite web |last1=Zhukovsky|first1=Arkadii |title=Struggle for Independence (1917–20) |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm|website=Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies |access-date=25 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="Chamberlin-1935">((cite book |last1=Chamberlin |first1=William |title=The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921, Volume Two |date=1935 |publisher=The Macmillan Company |location=New York |pages=209–219))</ref>
<ref name="Kenez-2004">((cite book |last1=Kenez |first1=Peter |title=Red Advance, White Defeat: Civil War in South Russia 1919–1920 |date=2004 |publisher=New Academia Publishing |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0974493459 |pages=39))</ref>
<ref name="Ukraine">((Cite encyclopedia |year=1963 |title=Ukraine |encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |editor-last=Kubiyovych |editor-first=Volodymyr |volume=I |pages=831–833, 872–874 |editor-mask=[[Volodymyr Kubiyovych]]))</ref>
<ref name="Russian-Ukrainian">((Cite web |date=12 December 2014 |title=Russian-Ukrainian war never stopped |url=http://gazeta.ua/articles/culture-newspaper/_rosijskoukrayinska-vijna-nikoli-ne-pripinyalasya/598335 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626082858/https://gazeta.ua/articles/culture-newspaper/_rosijskoukrayinska-vijna-nikoli-ne-pripinyalasya/598335 |archive-date=2023-06-26 |website=[[Gazeta.ua]]))</ref>
<ref name="Mikhail-Bulgakov">((cite web |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: The White Guard |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/350439/the-white-guard-by-mikhail-bulgakov/9780099490661 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |access-date=25 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="Britannica">((cite web |title=Mikhail Bulgakov |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Bulgakov |website=[[Britannica]] |access-date=25 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="Wolynetz-2018">((cite news |last1=Wolynetz |first1=Lubow |title=Songs of Ukrainian World War I Soldiers |url=https://www.ukrainianmuseumlibrary.org/pdf/2018/sower-november-2018-eng.pdf |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=The Sower |publisher=The Ukrainian Museum and Library of Stamford |date=25 November 2018 |location=Stamford, Connecticut |page=13))</ref>
<ref name="The-Ukrainian-Week-2023">((cite news |date=16 May 2023 |title=Антигетьманське повстання Директорії: опозиційний рух чи заколот проти держави? |language=uk |trans-title=The Directorate's Anti-Hetman Uprising: Opposition movement or anti-state uprising? |work=[[The Ukrainian Week]] |url=https://tyzhden.ua/antyhetmanske-povstannia-dyrektorii-opozytsijnyj-rukh-chy-zakolot-proty-derzhavy/ |access-date=15 September 2023))</ref>
<ref name="Entry-at-Internetowa-encyklopedia-PWN">((cite web |url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3997498.html |language=Polish |title=Wojna polsko-bolszewicka |trans-title=Polish-Bolshevik War |work=Entry at Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. |access-date=27 October 2006))</ref>
<ref name="League-of-Nations-Treaty-Series">((Citation |title=League of Nations Treaty Series |volume=4 |pages=8–45))</ref>
<ref name="Gazetaua-2010">((cite web |url=http://gazeta.ua/articles/ukraine-newspaper/_na-vshanuvanni-otamana-osvyachuvali-nozhi/336125?mobile=true |title=На вшануванні отамана освячували ножі |trans-title=Knives were consecrated at the commemoration of the chieftain |work=[[Gazeta.ua]] |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=23 October 2022 |language=uk))</ref>
<ref name="Gerashchenko">((cite web| lang=uk| url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2104087-irina-gerasenko-proponue-stvoriti-nacionalnij-park-holodnij-ar.html |title=Gerashchenko offers a National Park "Cold Yar" |website=[[Ukrinform]] |date=19 October 2016))</ref>
<ref name="Chamberlin-1935a">((cite book |last1=Chamberlin |first1=William Henry |title=The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921 |date=1935a |publisher=The Macmillan Company |location=New York |isbn=|oclc=313563398 |page=|url-access=registration |edition=|volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio0001will_t8h7/page/n7/mode/2up))</ref>
<ref name="Dornik-2015"> ((cite book |last1=Dornik |first1=Wolfram |last2=Kasianov |first2=Georgiy |last3=Leidinger |first3=Hannes |last4=Lieb |first4=Peter |last5=Miller |first5=Alexei |last6=Musial |first6=Bogdan |last7=Rasevych |first7=Vasyl |translator-last=Fagan |translator-first=Gus |title=The Emergence of Ukraine: Self-determination, Occupation, and War in Ukraine, 1917–1922 |date=2015 |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press |location=Edmonton; Toronto |isbn=978-1-894865-40-1 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/d82d710d-eb7d-40e4-9b21-2e5eadab3be4/588020.pdf |display-authors=1))
</ref>
<ref name="HaiNyzhnyk-2011">((cite journal |last=Hai-Nyzhnyk |first=Pavlo |author-link=Pavlo Hai-Nyzhnyk |date=2011 |title=Державний переворот 29 квітня 1918 р.: причини та перебіг захоплення влади П.Скороспадським |trans-title=The coup of 29 April 1918: reasons and course of P. Skoropadskyi's seizure of power |url=http://hai-nyzhnyk.in.ua/doc/230doc.php |journal=Ukrainian Historic Journal |issue=4 |pages=132((ndash))164))</ref>
<ref name="Luckett-1987"> ((cite book |last1=Luckett |first1=Richard |title=The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War |date=1987 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |location=London; New York |isbn=978-07102-1-298-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/whitegeneralsacc0000luck/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater))</ref>
<ref name="Plokhy-2016">((cite book |last1=Plokhy |first1=Serhii |title=The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine |date=2016 |isbn=978-04650-9-346-5))</ref>
<ref name="Reid-2000">((cite book|last=Reid|first=Anna|title=Borderland : A Journey Through the History of Ukraine|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0-8133-3792-5))</ref>
<ref name="Smoliy-2011"> ((cite book |editor1-last=Smoliy |editor1-first=Valery |title=Нариси історії української революції 1917–1921 років |date=2011 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of History of Ukraine |location=Kyiv |isbn=978-966-00-1145-8 |page=|trans-title=Essays on the History of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921 |edition=|volume=1 |url=https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Smolii_Valerii/Narysy_istorii_ukrainskoi_revoliutsii_1917-1921_rokiv_Knyha_1/))</ref>
<ref name="Subtelny-2000">((cite book |last1=Subtelny |first1=Orest |title=Ukraine: a History |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto; Buffalo |isbn=978-08020-8-390-6 |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/n3/mode/2up))</ref>
))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book |last1=Courtois |first1=Stéphane |title=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression |date=1999 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-06740-7-608-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC |ref=none))
* ((cite book |last1=Magocsi |first1=Paul R. |title=Ukraine: An Illustrated History |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |location=Seattle |isbn=978-02959-8-723-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/ukraineillustrat0000mago/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater |ref=none))
* ((cite news |title=31 серпня 1919 року. Як галичани з денікінцями Київ звільняли |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/digest/2012/08/31/92799/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=31 August 2012 |ref=none |page=|trans-title= August 31, 1919: How Galicians and Denikians liberated Kiev |language=uk))

==External links==
* ((cite web|url=http://monderusse.revues.org/document646.html|title=The French army and intervention in Southern Russia, 1918–1919|author=J. Kim Munholland|access-date=2007-11-08|work=Cahiers du monde russe|publisher=Editions Ehess|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610191215/http://monderusse.revues.org/document646.html|archive-date=2007-06-10|url-status=dead|ref=none))
* ((cite web|url=http://www.rkka.ru/maps/gvc3.jpg|title=The beginning of the Civil War and war intervention|access-date=2007-11-08|work=RKKA|language=ru))
* [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/eaa/searchterm/Ag1982.0048x/mode/exact ''Der Vormarsch der Flieger Abteilung 27 in der Ukraine''] ((in lang|de)) (The advances of Flight Squadron 27 in Ukraine). This [http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/eaa/id/668 portfolio], comprising 263 photographs mounted on 48 pages, is a photo-documentary of the German occupation and their military advances through southern Ukraine in the spring and summer of 1918.

((Ukrainian Bolshevik Revolution|state=))
((Russian Revolution 1917))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainian War Of Independence))
[[Category:Ukrainian War of Independence| ]]
[[Category:Ukrainian independence movement|*]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War I in Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)]]
[[Category:Ukraine in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Modern history of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Ukrainian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Wars of independence]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1910s in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1920s in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1917]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1918]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1919]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1920]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1921]]
[[Category:Polish–Ukrainian wars]]
[[Category:Russian–Ukrainian wars]]
[[Category:Russia–Ukraine military relations]]
[[Category:Wars involving France]]
[[Category:Wars involving Germany]]
[[Category:Poland in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)]]
[[Category:National revivals]]
[[Category:White movement]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of Ukraine]]

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Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
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Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
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Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
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Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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