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((Short description|A cable and/or hose bundle which supplies required consumables to a remote user))
((Distinguish|Umbilical cord))
((Refimprove|date=September 2012))
((Infobox diving equipment
|name         = Umbilical cable
|image        = File:130319-G-JY570-044 (8773395541).jpg
|alt          = A surface supplied diver entering the water with a diver's umbilical laid up from differently coloured twisted hoses and cables leading back to the boat
|caption      = Diver with surface-supplied umbilical
|acronym      = 
|other_names  = Umbilical, diver's umbilical, [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROV]] umbilical, spacecraft umbilical
|uses         = Power and consumables supply, communications and instrumentation cables
|inventor     = 
|manufacturer = 
|model        = 
|related      = [[Air line]], lifeline, power cable, control cable
))
An '''umbilical cable''' or '''umbilical''' is a cable and/or hose that supplies required consumables to an apparatus, like a rocket, or to a person, such as a diver or astronaut. It is named by analogy with an [[umbilical cord]]. An umbilical can, for example, supply air and power to a [[pressure suit]] or [[fluid power|hydraulic power]], electrical power and fiber optics to subsea equipment and divers.

==Spaceflight applications==

===Rockets===
Umbilicals connect a [[missile]] or [[space vehicle]] to ground support equipment on the [[launch pad]] before launch. Cables carry electrical power, communications, and [[telemetry]], and pipes or hoses carry [[liquid-propellant rocket|liquid propellants]], [[cryogenics|cryogenic fluids]], and pressurizing and purge gases. These are automatically disconnected shortly before or at launch.((cn|date=March 2020))

Umbilical connections are also used between [[multistage rocket|rocket stages]], and between the rocket and its [[spacecraft]] payload; these umbilicals are disconnected as stages are disconnected and discarded.((cn|date=March 2020))

===Space suits===
[[File:Ed White with Space Gun maneuvering unit.jpg|thumb|Gemini astronaut with umbilical]]
Early [[space suit]]s used in [[Project Gemini]] in 1965 and 1966 employed umbilicals to the spacecraft to provide suit oxygen and communications during [[extravehicular activity]] (EVA). ([[Soviet Union|Soviet]] cosmonaut [[Alexei Leonov]] performed the first EVA using a self-contained oxygen backpack, and thus did not require an umbilical.) Later designs (first used on the [[Apollo program]] lunar EVA in 1969) did not need spacecraft umbilicals, instead employing backpacks for self-contained oxygen, electric batteries, and radio communication.((cn|date=March 2020))

==Subsea applications==
[[Subsea]] umbilicals are deployed on the seabed (ocean floor) to supply necessary control, energy (electric, hydraulic) and chemicals to [[subsea]] oil and gas wells, subsea manifolds and any subsea system requiring remote control, such as a [[remotely operated vehicle]]. Subsea intervention umbilicals are also used for offshore drilling or workover activities.((cn|date=March 2020))

===Diver===
[[File:US Navy 100712-N-9769P-353 Navy Diver 1st Class Joel Sharp, left, assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2.jpg|thumb|Umbilical for diver]]
((see also|Surface-supplied diving|Saturation diving))
A diver's umbilical is a group of components which supply breathing gas and other services from the surface control point to a diver. It is part of the life support system and will usually be inspected before use, and maintained and tested at specified intervals.<ref name="IMCA D022 2016" /> The umbilical components are connected to the appropriate connectors on the diver's equipment, mostly on the helmet or full-face mask, and the strength member is usually attached to a strong D-ring on the diver's harness using a [[Carabiner#Locking|screw-gate carabiner]] or similar connector which will not accidentally release or snag on lines. The US Navy specify a snap-shackle for this function.<ref name="USN umbilical" /><ref name="Divex 2" />

For shallow water surface supply air diving, the diver's umbilical is typically a 3-part umbilical comprising a ((convert|3/8|in|mm)) bore [[breathing gas]] hose, ((convert|1/4|in|mm)) bore [[pneumofathometer]] ("pneumo") hose, and [[diver communications]] cable, which usually also serves as a [[Lifeline (diving)|lifeline]] strength member. The pneumo hose is open at the diver's end and the other end is connected to a pressure gauge on the surface gas panel, where the supervisor can use it to measure the diver's depth in the water at any time. This is done by measuring pressure of the air in the pneumo hose after a thin stream of bubbles has been emitted from the open end which ensures that the hose has been purged of water so that the internal gas pressure is effectively constant and equal to the ambient pressure at the open end. The umbilical serves as a lifeline and must be capable of lifting the diver out of the water safely.<ref name="IMCA D022 2016" />  Maximum permitted service life for rubber breathing air hoses is 12 years, but synthetic (unfilled polyurethane elastomer) lined hoses may be used without time limit while in good condition as long as they pass inspection and testing. Hot water supply hoses are more likely to be rubber lined, and polyurethane external sheathing is common for all umbilical hoses and cables.<ref name="USN umbilical" /><ref name="Divex 2" />

A typical 4-part diver umbilical will also have a ((convert|1/2|in|mm)) bore [[Hot water suit|hot water supply]] hose for the diver's exposure suit. A 5-part diver umbilical will also include a video cable to allow the surface controller to see the video picture transmitted to the surface from the diver's hat camera (video camera mounted on the helmet, facing forward, with a field of vision similar to that of the diver).<ref name="Divex 2" />

An excursion umbilical from a [[wet bell]] would be similar in construction, but shorter than an umbilical supplied directly from the surface for similar work. For saturation diving from a [[closed bell]], a diver excursion umbilical include a breathing gas supply hose, ((convert|5/8|in|mm)) [[Helium reclaim system|gas reclaim hose]], hot water hose, pneumofathometer hose,  voice communications and lifeline cable, video cable and hat light power cable.

Early diver umbilicals were simply the individual components bundled together and taped every metre or so with duct tape. These bundles tend to distort and produce kinks in the components caused by bending (particularly dangerous if the kink is in the divers gas supply hose), and require frequent maintenance. More recent umbilicals usually comprise all the components laid together like a twisted rope, so that there is little chance of a kink, no separate lifeline component is required, and no tape is required to hold the umbilical together. An additional component such as a video cable for a diver's camera, or a hat light cable, can be added by manually wrapping this additional component into the lay of the existing cabled umbilical. When there is risk of the umbilical cable being damaged by scratching on rock, coral or wreckage, the umbilical bundle may be over-braided with a polypropylene braid cover, or a velcro fastened textile cover.<ref name="USN umbilical" /><ref name="Divex 2" /> [[File:Umbilical Cable Dive Equipment in Dive Boat McLaren Engineering Group.jpg|thumb|Umbilical Cable and Surface-supplied Dive Helmet]]

The length of the diver's umbilical will depend on the operational parameters. As a general rule a short umbilical is cheaper and more manageable than a longer one, and provided that it is long enough, shorter is generally safer. The standby diver or bellman's umbilical should generally be about 2&nbsp;m longer than that of the working diver to allow easy access to the diver in an emergency. A common length established by custom and experience is 30&nbsp;m for a closed bell diver's umbilical, but this may be varied when circumstances require. For surface oriented work it is often necessary to use a longer umbilical. Deployable length may be controlled by tying off the umbilical at the rack to reduce the risk of the diver approaching known hazards too closely. The IMCA specification is 5&nbsp;m minimum distance from a hazard.<ref name="IMCA D022 2016" />

The factors that influence length of a surface oriented umbilical include:<ref name="IMCA D022 2016" />
*The distance from the control point to the underwater worksite.
*The gas endurance expected from the bailout cylinder at the diving depth. This may be calculated on a return speed of 10&nbsp;m per minute.
*Storage space available on a wet bell
*Type of umbilical, bulk and buoyancy characteristics.
*Current strength and umbilical drag
*Obstacles and obstructions that may foul the umbilical

Diver umbilicals may be negatively buoyant, neutral or positive, depending on the operational requirements. It is a common practice to mark them at length intervals using colour coded tape.<ref name="IMCA D022 2016" />

===Diving bell===
((see also|Diving bell))
[[File:Bell umbilical section 20151203 132411.jpg|thumb|Bell umbilical section]]
Both wet bells and closed bells use a bell umbilical to provide surface-supplied gas, electrical power, communications and heating water to the bell and through the bell gas panel to the divers. It may also return reclaimed breathing gas from the divers to the surface gas system. The bell umbilical is generally not intended for lifting the bell. The bell umbilical is connected to through-hull fittings on a closed bell, which are connected to the bell panel inside, for distribution to the interior of the bell and to the divers via the diver's umbilicals. The bell gas panel is operated by the [[Stand-by diver|bellman]].((cn|date=April 2017))<ref name="IMCA D022 2016" />

A closed-bell handling system includes a bell umbilical handling system, which deploys, recovers and stores the umbilical.<ref name="IMCA D022 2016 c13" />

===ROV===
((see also|Remotely operated underwater vehicle))
Most ROVs are linked to a host ship by a neutrally buoyant tether or a load-carrying umbilical cable is used along with a tether management system (TMS). The TMS is either a garage-like device which contains the ROV during lowering through the splash zone or, on larger work-class ROVs, a separate assembly mounted on top of the ROV. The purpose of the TMS is to lengthen and shorten the tether so the effect of cable drag where there are underwater currents is minimized. The umbilical cable is an armored cable that contains a group of electrical conductors and fiber optics that carry electric power, video, and data signals between the operator and the TMS. Where used, the TMS relays the signals and power for the ROV down the tether cable. Once at the ROV, the power is distributed between the electrical components.((cn|date=April 2017))

==See also==
* ((annotated link|Tether))
* ((annotated link|Safety harness))
* ((annotated link|Lifeline (diving)))

==References==
((reflist|refs=

<ref name="Divex 2" >((cite web|url=https://www.jfdglobal.com/files/6814/6530/7086/DD330-MDS-583-R1.pdf |title= Divex Diver Umbilicals|publisher=Divex |access-date=20 March 2020 ))</ref>

<ref name="IMCA D022 2016">((cite book|last=Staff|title=Guidance for diving supervisors IMCA D 022|edition=Revision 1|date=August 2016|publisher=International Marine Contractors Association|location=London, UK|chapter=10 - General diving procedures, Section 10.3 Diver's umbilicals))</ref>

<ref name="IMCA D022 2016 c13">((cite book|last=Staff|title=Guidance for diving supervisors IMCA D 022|edition=Revision 1|date=August 2016|publisher=International Marine Contractors Association|location=London, UK|chapter=13 - Closed bell diving))</ref>

<ref name="USN umbilical" >((cite report |url=http://navybmr.com/study%20material/NAVSEA%20SS521-AH-PRO-010.pdf |title=Technical Manual U.S. Navy Diving Umbilical (UBA Mk 20 and Mk 21) Description, materials, and assembly |work=SS521-AH-PRO-010 0910-LP-103-2583 Revision 1 |date=24 February 2005 |publisher=Naval Sea Systems Command ))</ref>

))


((Underwater diving))

((DEFAULTSORT:Umbilical Cable))
[[Category:Cables]]
[[Category:Underwater diving equipment]]

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