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((short description|South African criminal resistance group, 1890-1920))
((more citations needed|date=March 2018))'''Umkhosi Wezintaba''' ('The Regiment of the Hills'), 'Umkosi we Seneneem' ('The Regiment of Gaolbirds'), 'Abas'etsheni' ('The People of the Stone'), the 'Nongoloza' and the 'Ninevites' were simultaneously criminal gangs and [[resistance movements]] formed by African men in South Africa between 1890 and 1920.<ref>((Citation
 | last = Onselen | first =  Charles van
 | year = 1982
 | title = Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886-1914: 2 New Nineveh
 | pages = 172
 | isbn = 0582643856 ))</ref>

==Umkosi Wezintaba (The Regiment of the Hills), 1812–1899==

Nongoloza (born Mzuzephi Mathebula) also known as Jan Note,<ref>((Cite web|date=2020-12-05|title=Nongoloza: A Prison Gang Legend ((!)) Interesting History Facts|url=https://www.afrikaiswoke.com/south-african-prison-gangs-history/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Afrikaiswoke.com|language=en-US))</ref> a Zulu man from Natal, worked for two criminals based on the [[Witwatersrand]], Tyson and McDonald, assisting them with robbing passenger coaches or carts carrying miners' wages.  Upon leaving his employers, Note sought out the area's Zulu-speaking thieves and criminals, eventually becoming their leader.<ref>((Citation
 | last = Onselen | first =  Charles van
 | year = 1982
 | title = Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886-1914: 2 New Nineveh
 | pages = 172–177
 | isbn = 0582643856 ))</ref>
Historian [[Charles van Onselen]] notes that although Umkosi Wezintaba mainly committed anti-social crimes, the organisation also worked to avenge perceived injustice against its members.<ref>((Citation
 | last = Onselen | first =  Charles van
 | year = 1982
 | title = Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886-1914: 2 New Nineveh
 | pages = 176
 | isbn = 0582643856 ))</ref>

==Abas'etsheni (The People of the Stone) and Nongoloza, 1902–1906==

((Empty section|date=July 2010))

==The Ninevites, 1906–1920==
The Ninevites were formed by [[Nongeloza|Mzuzephi 'Nongoloza' Mathebula]]. Nongoloza was the alias adopted by the young [[Zulu people|Zulu]] migrant, who had suffered injustice from his past and longed to break away from it to establish a new era. The Ninevites were a [[gang]] consisting of other young South African outlaws searching for sources of income through various [[criminal activities]] in [[Johannesburg]]. The group of [[bandits]] grew across South Africa, and for almost two decades the gang dominated. By 1920 the Ninevites were crushed (Nongoloza was sentenced to prison for attempted murder in 1900).

==Sexuality==

Nongoloza ordered his troops to abstain from physical contact with females, instead ordering older men of marriageable status within the regiment to take on younger males of the gang as boy wives. Nongoloza testified in 1912 that the practice of ''hlabonga'' had "always existed. Even when we were free on the hills south of Johannesburg some of us had women and others had young men for sexual purposes." According to [[Zackie Achmat]], Nongoloza did not justify the existence of taking on boy wives based on venereal diseases or tradition, but in terms of sexual desire.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA164 Homosexualities]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Numbers Gang]]
*[[Crime in South Africa]]

==References==
;Footnotes
((reflist))

;Sources
*http://www.wepapers.com/Papers/75510/Nongoloza's_Children_-_Western_Cape_Prison_Gangs_During_And_After_Apartheid_.pdf
*http://www.bigwebsites.co.za/joburg/content/view/2049/168</
*http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/nongoloza-king-ninevites

==Further reading==
* [http://libcom.org/history/small-matter-horse-life-nongoloza-mathebula-1867-1948 The small matter of a horse: The life of 'Nongoloza' Mathebula, 1867-1948], by Charles van Onselen, 1984, [[Ravan Press]]

((Politics of South Africa navbox))
((Political history of South Africa |state=expanded))

[[Category:History of South Africa]]
[[Category:Defunct social movements in South Africa]]
[[Category:LGBT organisations in South Africa]]

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