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((short description|Participant in a competition that is expected to lose))
((Multiple issues|
((Copy edit|for=lots of unneccessary bolding; confusing structure|date=March 2024))
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((Other meanings))
[[File:Osmar Schindler David und Goliath.jpg|thumb|In the battle between David and Goliath, David is an archetypal example of an underdog.]]

An '''underdog''' is a person or group in a competition, usually in [[sport]]s and [[creative work]]s, who is largely expected to lose.<ref>((Cite journal |last1= Keinan |first1= Anat |last2= Avery |first2= Jill |last3= Paharia |first3= Neeru |title= Capitalizing on the Underdog Effect |url= http://hbr.org/2010/11/capitalizing-on-the-underdog-effect |journal= [[Harvard Business Review]] |date= November 2010 |issue= November 2010 |access-date= 13 April 2013 |archive-date= 13 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210413134330/https://hbr.org/2010/11/capitalizing-on-the-underdog-effect |url-status= live ))<br>"Everyone loves a scrappy underdog", as the article observes.</ref> The party, team, or individual expected to win is called the favorite or [[wikt:top dog|top dog]]. In the case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an [[Upset (competition)|upset]]. An "underdog bet" is a [[Sports betting|bet]] on the underdog or outsider for which the [[odds]] are generally higher.

The first recorded uses of the term occurred in the second half of the 19th century;<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/underdog|title=Definition of UNDERDOG|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=2016-06-04|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529123551/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/underdog|url-status=live))</ref><ref>The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, Third Edition, 1983. First use 1887.</ref> its first meaning was "the beaten dog in a fight".<ref>The Shorter Oxford Dictionary, Third Edition, 1983.</ref>

In [[Culture of Britain|British]] and [[Culture of the United States|American culture]], underdogs are highly regarded. This harkens to core [[Judeo-Christian]] stories, such as that of [[Goliath|David and Goliath]], and also ancient British legends such as [[Robin Hood]] and [[King Arthur]], and reflects the ideal behind the [[American Dream|American dream]], where someone who is poor and/or weak can use hard work to achieve victory.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|title=Asian American Sporting Cultures|last1=Halberstam|first1=J. Jack|last2=Lowe|first2=Lisa|publisher=NYU Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1479840816|pages=79|chapter=Everybody Loves an Underdog))</ref> Underdogs are most valorized in sporting culture, both in real events, such as the [[Miracle on Ice]], and in popular culture depictions of sports, where the trope is omnipresent.<ref name=":0" /> The idea is so common that even when teams are evenly matched, spectators and commentators are drawn to establishing one side as the underdog.<ref name=":0" />  

In a story, the [[Fool (stock character)|Fool]] is often an underdog if they are the main character. Their apparent ineptitude leads to people underestimating their true abilities, and they are able to win either through luck or hidden wisdom against a more powerful, "establishment" villain. An example in film is [[The Tramp]] portrayed by [[Charlie Chaplin]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Blake |title=Save the Cat!: The Last Book on Screenwriting You'll Ever Need |publisher=Michael Wiese Productions |year=2005 |isbn=1615930000 |pages=37 |chapter=Give Me The Same Thing... Only Different!))</ref>

== Social Norms ==
People often root for underdogs for various psychological and cultural reasons; for example, witnessing and experiencing underdog challenges can lead us to '''[[Empathy|empathise]]''' with the effort required to overcome such obstacles, fostering a connection with others who confront similar hardships.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=JongHan |last2=Allison |first2=Scott T. |last3=Eylon |first3=Dafna |last4=Goethals |first4=George R. |last5=Markus |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hindle |first6=Sheila M. |last7=McGuire |first7=Heather A. |date=October 2008 |title=Rooting for (and Then Abandoning) the Underdog |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00403.x |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=2550–2573 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00403.x |issn=0021-9029))</ref> This shared understanding may, in turn, contribute to breaking [[Social norm|social norms]] by challenging prevailing expectations and disrupting established power dynamics. '''Social norms''' often dictate that success is reserved for those in privileged or dominant positions; however, the underdog narrative challenges this norm by portraying individuals or groups who are perceived as [[disadvantaged]], less powerful, or less likely to succeed.<ref>((Cite book |last=HENRICH |first=JOSEPH |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77f0d |title=The Secret of Our Success |date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvc77f0d |isbn=978-1-4008-7329-6))</ref> One could argue that individuals or groups perceived as underdogs may face a different set of expectations and allowances within a [[Social environment|social context.]] The underdog is often seen as disadvantaged or less likely to conform to established norms. In this context, society might be more lenient or accept norm violations from underdogs, as their perceived struggles or challenges may evoke [[empathy]] or understanding.   

== Social Justice ==
We also rally round the underdog to satisfy our need for [[social justice]]. Supporting the underdog gives us a sense of agency and [[empowerment]] as we align ourselves with those fighting against the odds. It reinforces the belief that individuals can overcome adversity and effect positive change, promoting a sense of hope and optimism for social justice efforts. Humans naturally support social justice, as seen in a study publicised by the [https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/psp Journal of Personality and Social Psychology].<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Allison |first1=Scott T. |last2=Messick |first2=David M. |date=October 1985 |title=Effects of experience on performance in a replenishable resource trap. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.943 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=943–948 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.943 |issn=1939-1315))</ref> This study examined how individuals and groups manage shared resources. The results revealed differences in resource allocation and outcomes based on group size. These findings shed light on our innate preference to fairness and equality, as how individuals and groups allocate and utilise these resources reflects principles of fairness and equality.  

== Underdog and Schadenfreude ==
Austrian psychologist [[Fritz Heider]] argues that the concept of [[schadenfreude]] plays an essential role in the sympathy gained by the underdog particularly when the [[dominant]] party is perceived as undeserving of their success. This phenomenon has received attention from [[Social science|social scientists]] who argue that resentment towards high-status individuals can fuel Schadenfreude when they experience a downfall.<ref>((Cite book|last=Heider |first=Fritz |date=1958 |title=The psychology of interpersonal relations |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |lccn=58010801 |doi=10.1037/10628-000))</ref>  Heider suggests there is tendency to root against the "top dog," or those perceived as riding high, indicating a pleasure from watching them fail, thus we support the underdog. The interconnection between rooting for the underdog and Schadenfreude is illustrated in a study by [[Stephen J. Ceci|Stephen Ceci]] and [https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/46/2/228/1923849?redirectedFrom=fulltext Edward Kain] (1982) in the context of political elections.<ref name=Ceci-Kain1982>((Cite journal |last1=Ceci |first1=Stephen J. |last2=Kain |first2=Edward L. |date=January 1982 |title=Jumping on the Bandwagon With the Underdog: The Impact of Attitude Polls on Polling Behavior |url=https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/268715 |journal=[[Public Opinion Quarterly]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=228 |doi=10.1086/268715))</ref> Their findings suggest that exposure to polls depicting a candidate as having a dominant position did not evoke positive feelings towards the underdog but instead created a negative reaction towards the dominant candidate. This negative reaction could be indicative of a form of schadenfreude, where individuals derive satisfaction from seeing the dominant figure falter. When participants were shown the leading contender in the polls, they tended to move away from supporting them, possibly due to a subconscious pleasure in witnessing their potential downfall. However, when presented with information indicating a shift in the polls towards the underdog, participants shifted their support back to the leading contender. This shift in support suggests that the pleasure derived from the underdog's potential victory may not necessarily stem from genuine support for the underdog but rather from the satisfaction of seeing the leading candidate lose their position of power. This highlights how opposition reactivity, possibly driven by schadenfreude towards the leading candidate, influences shifts in support towards the underdog during electoral contests. 

Both underdog support and Schadenfreude are influenced by perceptions of deserving and fairness within competitive contexts.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Orujov |first1=Ayan |last2=Jones |first2=Laurence |date=2023 |title=Schadenfreude or Support for the Underdog?: How Unexpected Sporting Outcomes Influence Retail Investor Behaviour |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4423168 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4423168 |issn=1556-5068))</ref> The interplay between these two phenomena sheds light on the complex motivations underlying individuals' reactions to competitive situations, where notions of justice, fairness, and deserving play crucial roles in shaping emotional responses.<ref name=VGR07-Appeal>((Cite journal |last1=Vandello |first1=Joseph A. |last2=Goldschmied |first2=Nadav P. |last3=Richards |first3=David A. R. |date=December 2007 |title=The Appeal of the Underdog |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1603–1616 |doi=10.1177/0146167207307488 |pmid=18000097 |issn=0146-1672))</ref>

== Limitations of the Underdog ==
Studies supporting the underdog effect often face challenges in accurately assessing its implications. Despite efforts to create '''realistic scenarios,''' limitations persist in capturing the '''emotional nuances and social dynamics''' present in real-life situations where underdog support is observed. For instance, Stephen Ceci and  Edwards Kain's (1982)<ref name=Ceci-Kain1982/> study may be susceptible to [[demand characteristics]] or [[Social-desirability bias|social desirability bias]], potentially influencing participants' responses. Such biases could affect the authenticity of participants' expressions of support or [[disdain]] for candidates depicted in polls, especially in sensitive contexts like political elections. 

Moreover, reliance on [[Self-report|self-report measures]] in the study may [[Oversimplification|oversimplify]] participants' emotional reactions, particularly concerning complex psychological [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] like schadenfreude. Additionally, the study's exclusive focus on '''electoral contexts''' may limit the [[Generalizability theory|generalizability]] of its findings to other domains, such as sports or business competitions, where underdog phenomena and [[schadenfreude]] may manifest differently. Future research could mitigate these limitations by '''employing diverse methodological approaches''' and exploring underdog and schadenfreude dynamics across various contexts to gain a more comprehensive understanding of these phenomena. 

Furthermore, there are challenges in '''distinguishing underdog support from schadenfreude''', underscoring the intricate relationship between these [[psychological]] constructs. While the assumption is that both forces operate in the same direction, they may represent interchangeable phenomena rather than distinct processes. Attempts to disentangle them may have inadvertently created a [[By-product|byproduct]], complicating rather than clarifying their distinction. This suggests that the emotions associated with supporting underdogs and experiencing '''schadenfreude''' may be more intertwined than previously recognized, posing difficulties for researchers seeking to '''isolate and comprehend each theory independently'''.<ref name=VGR07-Appeal/> Further investigation into the complex interplay between underdog support and schadenfreude is necessary to unravel their intricate dynamics fully. 

Additionally, underdog narratives can sometimes reinforce [[stigmatization]], highlighting the need to address paternalistic tendencies that may portray underdogs as '''objects of sympathy rather than active agents'''.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Cowden |first1=Birton J. |last2=Bendickson |first2=Joshua S. |last3=Mathias |first3=Blake D. |last4=Solomon |first4=Shelby J. |date=December 2022 |title=Straight OUTTA Detroit: Embracing Stigma as Part of the Entrepreneurial Narrative |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joms.12839 |journal=Journal of Management Studies |language=en |volume=59 |issue=8 |pages=1915–1949 |doi=10.1111/joms.12839 |issn=0022-2380))</ref> Such portrayals risk overlooking the agency and dignity of individuals marginalised by society, perpetuating symbolic [[tokenism]] rather than genuine empowerment. 

==Cinderella==
In [[sport]]s, the terms '''Cinderella''', "'''Cinderella story'''", and '''Cinderella team''' are used to refer to situations in which competitors achieve far greater success than would reasonably have been best expected.<ref>((cite web|last=Merron|first=Jeff|title=ESPN.com: Page 2 : Who are the greatest Cinderella stories?|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=list/cinderellastories|website=ESPN.com|access-date=26 March 2017))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/2004/March/26/sports2.asp |title=Cinderella stories: Battling from the bottom up |last1=Kim |first1=Suzie |date=26 March 2004 |publisher=The Gazette |access-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232231/http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/2004/March/26/sports2.asp |archive-date=16 July 2012))</ref> Cinderella stories tend to gain much media and fan attention as they move closer to the tournament final game.<ref>((cite web |url=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/march-madness5.htm |title=How March Madness Works |last1=Bonsor |first1=Kevin |website=HowStuffWorks.com |date=17 March 2003 |access-date=28 February 2014))</ref>

The term comes from the well-known European folk tale of ''[[Cinderella]]'', which embodies a myth-element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward, when the title character's life of poverty is suddenly changed to one of remarkable fortune. In a sporting context the term has been used at least since 1939, but came into widespread usage in 1950, when [[Cinderella (1950 film)|the Disney movie]] was released that year, and in reference to [[1949–50 CCNY Beavers men's basketball team|City College of New York]], the unexpected winners of the NCAA Men's Basketball championship also that year.<ref>((cite book|last=Forde |first=Pat |chapter=The Sweetest 16: Nobody loves a Cinderella story more than a college hoops fan. Here are some of the best. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g42TyP-V5C8C&q=Pat+Forde+College+Basketball+Encyclopedia+Cinderella&pg=PR41|title=ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game |location=New York|publisher=ESPN Books |year=2009 |page=28 |isbn=9780345513922))</ref> The term was used by [[Bill Murray]] in the 1980 movie ''[[Caddyshack]]'' where he pretends as the announcer to his own golf fantasy: "Cinderella story. Outta nowhere. A former greenskeeper, now, about to become the [[Masters Tournament|Masters]] champion."<ref>((cite news |title=Soundclip of Bill Murray in Caddyshack|url=http://www.moviesoundscentral.com/sounds/caddyshack/cinderellastory.wav |work=MovieSoundsCentral |access-date=2007-02-26))</ref> Referring somewhat inaccurately to the plot details of the classic ''Cinderella'' story, the media will debate whether the given "Cinderella" team or player will "turn into a pumpkin", i.e. fail to win the prize and then return to its former obscurity.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Sports/2013/0322/March-Madness-2013-Is-Harvard-the-next-Cinderella|title=March Madness 2013: Is Harvard the next 'Cinderella'?|date=22 March 2013|access-date=10 June 2022|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]))</ref> In the fairy tale, it was the carriage that turned into a pumpkin at midnight, not Cinderella herself. Another popular term is "strike midnight", when a Cinderella team does finally get beaten.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.wric.com/story/4714251/clock-strikes-midnight-for-cinderella-team-george-mason |title=Clock Strikes Midnight for Cinderella Team George Mason - WRIC Richmond News and Weather - |access-date=2013-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212181504/http://www.wric.com/story/4714251/clock-strikes-midnight-for-cinderella-team-george-mason |archive-date=2013-12-12)) "Clock Strikes Midnight For Cinderella Team George Mason"</ref>

Prior to the widespread use of ''Cinderella'' in this way, the more common term for unexpected and dramatic success was ''Miracle'', as in the "Miracle [[Atlanta Braves|Braves]]" of [[1914 Boston Braves season|1914]], the "[[United States v England (1950 FIFA World Cup)|Miracle on Grass]]" in 1950, the "[[Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball)|Miracle of Coogan's Bluff]]" in 1951, the "[[1969 World Series|Miracle Mets]]" of 1969, and the "[[Miracle on Ice]]" in 1980.((cn|date=October 2023))

Cinderella teams are also referred to as a '''surprise package''' or '''surprise packet''', and their success would be termed a '''fairy-tale run'''. A related concept is the '''giant-killer''', which refers to a lesser competitor who defeats a favorite, reflecting the story of [[David and Goliath]]. In Soviet sport, particularly team sports like football and hockey, there appeared a term '''Thunder to the Dominant [teams]''' (((lang-ru|Гроза авторитетов)), Groza avtoritetov) that referred to underdog, often a strong mid-table team, of which the dominant teams were afraid. The title is still in use in the post-Soviet period and sometimes is given to "[[dark horse]]" teams which manage to win a major tournament.<ref>Oleg Koshelev. ''[https://tass.ru/sport/4576567 The Thunder to the Dominant": the main sensations of the Russian Cup in football (Гроза авторитетов: главные сенсации Кубка России по футболу)]''. [[TASS]].</ref> There was an official sports award that was introduced by the Soviet sports weekly "Sportivnaya Moskva" in the 1970s and 1980s for football and hockey top competitions awarded to teams that managed to take away the biggest number of points from the last season top-three placed teams.<ref>[http://www.hsf.narod.ru/awards/bwb.htm Thunder to the Dominant (Гроза авторитетов)]. HSF.narod.ru</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dark horse]]
* [[Rags to riches]]

== References ==
((Reflist))<!--added above categories/infobox footers by script-assisted edit-->

===Works cited===
((refbegin|30em))
* ((cite journal |last1=Vogel |first1=Greg |last2=Vieira |first2=Peter |year=2002 |title=IFMAR Electric Worlds: On-Road Upset! Tamiya Takes Touring Worlds |url=https://archive.org/details/Radio_Control_Car_Action_Magazine_2002-08/page/n59/mode/2up |journal=Radio Control Car Action |location=[[Wilton, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Air Age Media]] |page=138 |access-date=5 June 2020))<!-- ((sfn|Vogel|Vieira|2002|p=137)) -->
* ((cite journal |last=Spinner |first=Colin |date=September 2008 |title=Interview with a Legend |journal=Radio Controlled Car Racer ))
* ((cite journal |last=Haswell |first=Mike |date=August 2002 |title=On-Road Worlds 2002 |url=https://www.efra.ws/2002-1-12th-wc-krugersdorp-south-africa/ |journal=Radio Controlled Car International |access-date=5 June 2020))
* ((cite journal |last=Gonzalez |first=George M |date=November 1998 |title=Battle of Britain: IFMAR Electric On-Road World Champs & ISTC World Cups |url=https://archive.org/details/Radio_Control_Car_Action_Magazine_1998-11/page/n37/mode/2up |journal= Radio Control Car Action |location=[[Wilton, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Air Age Media]] |access-date=5 June 2020))<!-- ((sfn|Gonzalez|1998|pp=92-104)) -->
* ((cite journal |last1=Haswell |first1=Mike |last2=McDonagh |first2=Jamie |last3=Emery |first3=Peter |year=1998 |title=Welcome to OnTrack '98 with RCCi |url=https://www.efra.ws/1998-pro-10-wc-south-tyneside-great-britain/ |journal=Radio Controlled Car International (OnTrack Supplement) |access-date=5 June 2020))<!-- ((sfn|Haswell|McDonagh|Emery|1998|pp=2-14)) -->
* ((cite journal |last=Buono |first=Derek |date=January 2001 |title=2000 IFMAR Electric On-Road Worlds |url=https://archive.org/details/Radio_Control_Car_Action_Magazine_2001-01/page/n63/mode/2up |journal= Radio Control Car Action |location=[[Wilton, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Air Age Media]] |access-date=5 June 2020))<!-- ((sfn|Buono|2001|pp=170-178)) -->
((refend))

== External links ==
((Wiktionary|underdog))
*((cite web|url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/top-dog.html|title=Top dog
|publisher=The Phrase Finder|access-date=2013-09-19))

((Cinderella))

[[Category:Upsets]]
[[Category:Competition]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]
[[Category:19th-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]

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Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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