An unfinished symphony is a fragment of a symphony, by a particular composer, that musicians and academics consider incomplete or unfinished for various reasons. The archetypal unfinished symphony is Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 (sometimes called Schubert's Unfinished Symphony), written in 1822, six years before his death. It features two fully orchestrated movements. While it seems clear from sketches that Schubert set out to create a traditional four-movement symphony, this has been the subject of endless debate. Schubert wrote the symphony for the Graz Musical Society, and gave the manuscript to his friend Anselm Hüttenbrenner, in his capacity as its representative. However, Hüttenbrenner did not show the score to the society at that time, nor did he reveal the existence of the manuscript after Schubert died in 1828, but kept it a secret for another 37 years. In 1865, when he was 76 (three years before his death), Hüttenbrenner finally showed it to the conductor Johann von Herbeck, who conducted the extant two movements on 17 December 1865 in Vienna, adding the last movement of Schubert's third symphony as the finale. Music historians and scholars then toiled to "prove" the composition was complete in its two-movement form, and indeed, in that form it became one of the most popular pieces in the late 19th century classical music repertoire, and remains one of Schubert's most popular compositions.
Other unfinished symphonies
The unfinished symphony may also refer to:
Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony in C minor, Hess 298, was sketched around 1791–93 as a small fragment of the first movement before being abandoned.[1] In addition, musicologist and Beethoven specialist Barry Cooper has identified several attempts and sketches of several projected symphonies before Beethoven finished his Symphony No. 1 in C major.[2]
Franz Schubert's Symphony in D major, D 2B, was begun in 1811, leaving it as an incomplete 30-bar orchestral score. The sketch includes the whole slow introduction and the first theme of the Allegro before breaking off. No performing version is yet available.
Franz Schubert's Symphony in D major, D 615, it was begun in May 1818, with initial sketches made for the opening sections of the first movement and finale. It was left as an incomplete four-page, 259-bar sketch written for solo piano. Although conductor and composer Brian Newbould has made a performing version of the fragments, a full completion has not yet been attempted.
Franz Schubert's Symphony in D major, D 708A, was sketched between 1820 and 1821, with initial sketches made for the opening sections of the first, second, and fourth movements, and an almost complete sketch for the third movement. In 2012, Newbould was commissioned by BBC Radio 3 to complete the symphony.
Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 7 in E major, was composed in August 1821. Although the work is structurally complete, Schubert only orchestrated the slow introduction and the first 110 bars of the first movement. The rest of the work is continued on 14-stave score pages as a melodic line with occasional basses or counterpoints, giving clues as to changes in orchestral texture. Completions were made by John Francis Barnett (1881), Felix Weingartner (1934), Brian Newbould (1980) and Richard Dünser (2022).
Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in B minor "Unfinished" was sketched in 1822, left as two complete movements, a scherzo nearly completed in piano score but with only two pages orchestrated, and no finale. It has been theorized by some musicologists, including Brian Newbould, that Schubert may have sketched a finale that instead became the big B minor entr'acte from his incidental music to Rosamunde, but all evidence for this is circumstantial. Several completions have been made through the years, perhaps being the piece of classical music with the most attempts at being finished.
Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 10, a work sketched between 1822 and 1825, and left unfinished when Beethoven died in 1827. Musicologist Barry Cooper made a completion of the first movement.[3] In 2019, artificial intelligence was used to reconstruct the third and fourth movements of the symphony, which premiered on 9 October 2021, titled Beethoven X: The AI Project.[4]
Mikhail Glinka's Symphonies. Glinka began and left two unfinished single-movement symphonies: A Symphony in B-flat major (1824), and the more known Symphony in D minor, subtitled "On Two Russian themes" (1833). The first was completed by Pyotr Klimov, the second by Vissarion Shebalin. Both have been performed and recorded.
Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 10 in D major, D 936A, was sketched between October–November 1828, during the last weeks of the composer's short life. The manuscript contains sketches of three movements. Scholars agree that the second movement is virtually completed, while the two outer movements are more fragmentary. According to Brian Newbould, the second and third movements are complete in the sketches, with the first only lacking the recapitulation. It has been orchestrated by Brian Newbould in a completion that has subsequently been performed, published and recorded.
Robert Schumann's Symphony in G minor "Zwickau" was sketched between October 1832 and May 1833. Schumann finished the first two movements and wrote sketches for a scherzo and a finale before abandoning work on the piece. The first movement was premiered on November 10 of 1832 at Zwickau (where the nickname comes from), conducted by Friedrich Wieck. The piece was not published until 1972 in an adaptation by the Swiss conductor Marc Andreae.
Norbert Burgmüller's Symphony No. 2, sketched between 1834 and 1835. It was conceived as a four-movement symphony, only the first two being completed when the composer died in 1836. The third movement was finished and orchestrated by Robert Schumann, who also tried to add a finale of his own. Fragments of the original fourth movement were found in 1983.[5]
Richard Wagner's Symphony in E major was begun in 1834, being an orchestration of his Grand Piano Sonata in A major (1832). He sketched out the first movement and part of the second before abandoning the work. The manuscript was lost, being found in a second-hand bookshop in Berlin in 1886. His wife Cosima asked Wagner's assistant Felix Mottl to orchestrate the sketches. In addition, several unfinished sketches for at least two other symphonies exist, dating from between 1846 and 1847.
Robert Schumann's Symphony in C minor (IRS 169), was sketched between 1840 and 1841 but quickly abandoned. The first movement is partly orchestrated but unfinished, the scherzo movement is complete, the other two movements are only in rough draft form. The scherzo was later published in Bunte Blätter, Op. 99, as No. 14.[6]
Georges Bizet's Roma Symphony, is sometimes described as "unfinished", but this is misleading. After eleven years of tinkering (1860–71), with a partial performance in 1869, Bizet could still not produce a version that truly satisfied him. However, the latest version of the symphony was published posthumously in 1880, and is a complete work in the sense that all the movements are fully scored.
Modest Mussorgsky's Symphony in D major was sketched between 1861 and 1862, left in a fragmentary state and eventually lost.
Anton Bruckner's Symphony in B-flat major, sketched in October 1869 in two-stave score only. Only the first sixty-eight measures of the opening movement (first and second subject groups of the exposition) were drafted. An arrangement for chamber orchestra was made by Ricardo Luna.[7]
Joachim Raff's Symphony No. 11 in A minor (subtitled "Winter") was composed in the spring of 1876, but was left without being published nor performed when he died in 1882. In 1883, Raff's friend the conductor Max Erdmannsdörfer, took the manuscript, edited and published it. Raff supposedly left the work finished and Erdmannsdörfer only edited it for publishing. However, since the original score disappeared, we can not be completely sure.
Hugo Wolf's Symphony in B flat major was sketched between 1876 and 1877. Apparently the work was written in four movements, but the first and third were lost at the train station in Graz in 1877. The now two-movement piece remained unpublished and unperformed until 1940, 37 years later after Wolf's death.
Hans Rott's Symphony No. 2 was sketched between 1 January and 4 August 1880, but his mental collapse in October of that year left the work unfinished.[8]
Claude Debussy's Symphony in B minor was written between 1880 and 1881 for four-hands piano, he intended to write it in three movements but left two. Debussy sent the manuscript to Nadezhda von Meck and the score was kept in a Russian archive after her death. It was published posthumously by Muzgiz in 1933. The work was never orchestrated by Debussy himself, being arranged for orchestra by Tony Finno.
Johan Svendsen's Symphony No. 3 was sketched between 1883 and 1884, being destroyed when his first wife Sarah had thrown the only copy in the fire in a fit of rage. However, some sketches were found by conductor Bjarte Engeset in 2007. They were elaborated and orchestrated by Bjørn Morten Christophersen and premiered by the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and Engeset in 2011.
Alexander Borodin's Symphony No. 3, was sketched between 1886 and 1887. It was conceived as a four-movement work complete on the composer's mind, but when he died, only fragments of two movements were found. Alexander Glazunov completed and orchestrated the piece, being published in 1889.[9]
Carl Nielsen's Symphony in F major, sketched in 1888, from which only the first movement was finished, which later got the title Symphonic Rhapsody FS 7. It was performed twice, but Nielsen never composed the rest of it. Instead, he started composing what would become his Symphony No. 1 in G minor, which is famous for being the first symphony in history that employed the use of progressive tonality.
Charles Gounod's Symphony No. 3 in C major was sketched between 1890 and 1892, managing to finish the slow introduction of the first movement and the whole second movement. These fragments were recorded for the first time in 2014 for the CPO label.[10]
Edvard Grieg's Symphony No. 2, subtitled "In Spring", was left as sketches when he died in 1907.
Arnold Bax's Symphony in F major was composed in 1907 but left as a piano score, being dissatisfied with it. It was orchestrated by Martin Yates, being performed and recorded.
Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 10, sketched between 1910 and 1911, and left as a continuous draft of this five-movement work, with the first and third movements more or less fully scored. These two movements (Adagio and Purgatorio) were prepared for publication by Franz Schalk and Ernst Krenek in 1924. Various orchestrations and performing editions of the entire symphony have been made since the 1960s, including that of Deryck Cooke (1960–64), subsequently revised with input from Berthold Goldschmidt, Colin Matthews and David Matthews and a sparer, brass-prominent version by Joseph Wheeler.
Wilhelm Stenhammar's Symphony No. 3 in C major, was sketched between 1918 and 1919, left as a draft of a first movement (including a seven-page fragment in full score) and sketches of three other movements. The full-score fragment of the first movement was edited with a concert ending by Tommy B. Andersson and first performed in 1991.
Jean Sibelius' Symphony No. 8, was sketched intermittently from the mid-1920s until around 1938. A fair copy of at least the first movement was made, but how much of the symphony was completed is unknown. Sibelius repeatedly refused to release it for performance, though he continued to assert that he was working on it even after he had, according to later reports from his family, burned the score and associated material, probably in 1945.
Edward Elgar's Symphony No. 3 in C minor, Op. 88. It was sketched between 1932 and 1934, being left in a very fragmentary state when the composer died in 1934. Anthony Payne discovered these fragments at the beginning of the 1970s, and made a completion of the work between 1993 and 1997, which has been recorded several times.
Gustav Holst's Symphony was sketched between 1933 and 1934, but his death left the work unfinished. If finished, it would have been his third after the Cotswolds Symphony and the First Choral Symphony. The scherzo (H192) of the incomplete symphony has been performed, published and recorded as an independent piece. In addition, Holst began planning a 'second Choral Symphony', based on poems by George Meredith, but only made some initial fragmentary sketches.[24]
Louis Vierne's Organ Symphony No. 7 in C minor was begun briefly before his death on 2 June 1937, leaving unfinished sketches.
Ernest John Moeran's Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, was sketched between 1939 and 1950. He began with a four-movement idea of the work, but in 1947 switched to a single-movement form, still remaining full of doubts. When he died in 1950, his widow, Australian cellist Peers Coetmore, took the sketches back to her native country, where they still reside. The manuscript of that work and various others were donated to the Victorian College of the Arts in Melbourne. Conductor Martin Yates realised the work, it was recorded for a Dutton release and then publicly premiered with the BBC Concert Orchestra in 2011.
Allan Pettersson's Symphonies No. 1 and 17. No. 1 was begun in 1951, Pettersson wrote a substantial amount of material before he became disaffected with the piece. However, through his life, Pettersson returned to the score several times despite being unable to finish it. Symphony No. 17 was apparently begun in 1979, leaving a fragment of only 207 bars before he died on 20 June 1980. Both works were completed by Christian Lindberg.
York Bowen's Symphony No. 4 in G major was left unfinished when he died in 1961.
Gavriil Popov's Symphony No. 7 was begun in 1970, but left unfinished when he died in 1972.
Eduard Tubin's Symphony No. 11, was sketched in 1982 shortly before the composer died. The score contains a partially orchestrated first movement and the opening ten bars of a second movement. The orchestration of the first movement was completed by Kaljo Raid in 1987 and this movement has been performed and recorded several times.
Stephen Albert's Symphony No. 2 was composed in 1992, but his death in a car accident left the piece as a manuscript of 67 pages. The composer was orchestrating the piece, and the publisher G. Schirmer asked composer Sebastian Currier, a close friend of Albert, if he could finish the piece, a request he accepted. It was finished in 1994.
Mieczysław Weinberg's Symphony No. 22 was finished in a piano score when he died on 26 February 1996, unable to orchestrate it. Weinberg's wife Olya suggested to Kirill Umansky that he might orchestrate the score. Immersing himself in Weinberg's symphonic music, Umansky completed the orchestration and the first performance was given by the Belgorod State Philharmonic Orchestra in 2003.
Alfred Schnittke's Symphony No. 9 was composed between 1996 and 1998. Despite being finished, the score was barely readable and needed to be deciphered. Russian conductor Gennady Rozhdestvensky made a performable version but was rejected by Schnittke. Russian-Canadian composer Nikolai Korndorf began a second attempt before dying in 2001. Finally, Russian composer Alexander Raskatov made the final version that was premiered in Dresden on 16 June 2007, with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Dennis Russell Davis. Raskatov also wrote his own composition: Nunc dimittis — In memoriam Alfred Schnittke intended as a finale to the piece.
Richard Arnell's Symphony No. 7 "Mandela", Op. 201, was sketched between 1996 and 2009. After his death in 2009, the piece was completed by Martin Yates. It was recorded in the summer of 2010 by Yates and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra and was issued by Dutton Epoch.
David Maslanka’s Symphony No. 10 was sketched in 2017 until the composer's death the same year. The first movement and half of the second movement were completed by the composer. At the composer's urging, his son Matthew then finished the remainder of the work based on his sketches. The second and fourth movements were completed based upon detailed sketches by the composer; the third movement, inspired by less finished sketches, was composed primarily by Matthew.[26]
Krzysztof Penderecki's Symphony No. 9. On several occasions, through articles and interviews, the Polish composer expressed his intentions on writing a final work before his death: his Ninth Symphony or another Passion.[27] Penderecki said he had lots of 'absolutely different' sketches made for a Ninth Symphony but wasn't sure he would use any of them. His death on 2020 has presumably left the piece in a fragmentary state. So far no attempts of completions have been made.
Jaakko Kuusisto's Symphony Op. 39 was sketched between 2020 and 2021 but his death due to a brain tumour left the piece far from being finished. There were just ten minutes worth of material across its two movements. His widow Maija then recruited Jaakko's two closest collaborators; Pekka Kuusisto and Jari Eskola, to complete the work. The piece was then performed and recorded by the BIS label.[28]