The Decade formally consisted of three international meetings and conferences in Mexico City for "consciousness raising", Copenhagen for creating "networks", and Nairobi for "the solidarity of women world-wide" along with several regional meetings with specific UN agencies (UNESCO, WHO, ECLA, EEC) and nongovernmental organizations (YWCA, World Council of Churches, National Association of Women).[2]
The first UN Women's Conference was held in Mexico City in 1975. There it was declared that the UN Decade for Women would began in 1976 due particularly to the efforts of Letitia Shahani and U Thant.[1][2] Members of the UN, aimed to increase literacy, vocational training, education, and employment opportunities for women. They also planned to improve health education and services, family planning education, and welfare services for women.[3]
This conference was used to reflect on progress made since the 1975 conference in Mexico.
As the organization began to reflect upon the progress that had been made so far, some issues that prevented the advancement of women were noted, including:
Lack of sufficient involvement of men in improving women's role in society;
Insufficient political will;
Lack of recognition of the value of women's contributions to society;
Lack of attention to the particular needs of women in planning;
Insufficient services to support the role of women in national life, such as co-operatives, day-care centres and credit facilities;
Overall lack of necessary financial resources;
Lack of awareness among women about the opportunities available to them.[4]
Controversially, delegates from a variety of colonized countries elaborated on subjects regarding the domination of the countries they represented by countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. They condemned the international actions and rulings in favor of colonialism, racism, apartheid, hegemonism, and Zionism. When the representatives demanded an elaboration on the texts regarding the opposition and protect of women from the effects of these issues, dozens of the governments of world powers opposed and abstained.[3]
In response, a "Programme of Action" was produced to promote women's ownership and control of property and inheritance, child custody, and loss of nationality. In addition, delegates at the Conference spoke out against stereotyped attitudes towards women.[4] It was adopted with a vote of 94 to 4. The four countries opposed were Australia, Canada, Israel, and the United States. The US and Canada criticized the Plan, saying that it went beyond the scope of issues they considered to be pertinent to women, as there was a focus on political disputes.[3] It has since been determined by the UN that countries in conflict are especially harmful to women in the regions.[5]
In the end, the conference adopted 45 resolutions on matters on the role of women in development, health, education, employment, and more. The Holy See, of the Catholic Church, was opposed to the texts that included family planning as a human right.[3]
This conference was gathered to celebrate the accomplishments of the decade, but also to establish an agenda that would continue the efforts of the issues facing women beyond 1985. A document titled "The Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women" was created.[6] In 1995, a conference was held in Beijing, China to accelerate the implementation of the initiatives outlined in the document.[1]
In drafting the Forward Looking Strategies document, representatives and supporters of Palestine wanted to add Zionism as a form of oppression to be condemned alongside of neo-colonialism, the arms race, and more. After a three-hour diplomatic lobbying, all parties decided to use the broader terms of "racism and racial discrimination".[2]
At the event, over 160 groups attended the forum of Non-Governmental Organizations and sponsored over 2000 workshops. Women headed 106 of the 160 delegations from as many countries. More than 4000 women came to Kenya during the 2.5 weeks of meetings.[2]
The focus on women during the decade brought about a lot of changes in policies impacting women.[3]
A year after the conference in Nairobi, the UN published the first World Survey on the Role of Women in Development.[3] To do the reporting every year, governments had to establish "women's departments", appoint cabinet ministers for women's affairs, and begin considering the roles and statuses of women in their countries.[2] Prior to these appointments and specific studies, women often went "invisible" in global economic reports, as their labor is typically unpaid.[2][7]
^ abcdeO'Brien, Jodi (2009). Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 866–868. ISBN9781412909167.
^ abcdefghZinsser, Judith P. (November 1990). "The United Nations Decade for Women: A Quiet Revolution". The History Teacher. 24 (1): 19–29. doi:10.2307/494202. JSTOR494202.
