The Joint Committee on Reconstruction, also known as the Joint Committee of Fifteen, was a joint committee of the 39th United States Congress that played a major role in Reconstruction in the wake of the American Civil War. It was created to "inquire into the condition of the States which formed the so-called Confederate States of America, and report whether they, or any of them, are entitled to be represented in either house of Congress.”[1]
This committee also drafted the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, though the full Congress later made some changes. The committee successfully recommended that Congress refuse to readmit southern states to representation in Congress until they ratified the Fourteenth Amendment.[2]
A similar House Select Committee on Reconstruction existed in the House during the 40th and 41st Congresses.[3][4] A similar Senate committee, the United States Senate Select Committee on the Removal of Political Disabilities, was created during the 41st Congress.[4]
The committee was established on December 13, 1865, after both houses reached agreement on an amended version of a House concurrent resolution introduced by RepresentativeThaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania to establish a joint committee of 15 members. Stevens and SenatorWilliam P. Fessenden of Maine served as co-chairmen.[5] The joint committee divided into four subcommittees to hear testimony and gather evidence. The first subcommittee handled Tennessee, the second Virginia and the Carolinas, the third Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas, and the fourth Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. In all, 144 witnesses were called to testify.[6]
The committee's decisions were recorded in its journal, but the journal did not reveal the committee's debates or discussions, which were deliberately kept secret.[7] Once the committee had completed work on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment, several of its members spoke out, including Senator Howard, who gave a long speech to the full Senate in which he presented "in a very succinct way, the views and the motives which influenced that committee, so far as I understand those views and motives."[8]
The joint committee also produced a report after Congress had already given final approval to send the draft Fourteenth Amendment to the states for ratification, and the report was widely disseminated.[9] The report was signed by 12 of the committee's members, and a minority report was signed by the other three: Johnson, Rogers, and Grider. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction was not revived at the next Congress.
Bibliography
Belz, Herman. A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedman's Rights, 1861–1866 (2000).
Blaine, James G. Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860 (1893)
Donald, David. Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (1970), critical analysis, balanced perspective.
Donald, David. Lincoln (1996).
Dunning, William Archibald. Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865-1877 (1905) Dunning School.
Perman, Michael Emancipation and reconstruction (2003), a synthesis of recent historical literature on emancipation and reconstruction.
Randall, James G. Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure (1955).
Rhodes, James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6. (1920) 1865–72, detailed narrative. Vol 7, 1872–77.
Stampp, Kenneth M. The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 (1967).
Simpson. Brooks D. Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (1991).
Trefousse, Hans L. Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (2001).
Trefousse, Hans L. Andrew Johnson: A Biography (1989).
