Tools, devices or software (as diverse as a TV remote control, the interface of an oven, or a word processor) must be evaluated before their release on the market from different points of view such as their technical properties or their usability. Usability evaluation allows assessing whether the product under evaluation is efficient enough (Are the users able to carry out their task while expending reasonable resources such as time, cognitive or physical demand), effective enough (Can the user complete the tasks they are supposed to perform with the tool? Is their performance complete and accurate?) and sufficiently satisfactory for the users (What is the users’ attitude towards the system? Do they experience discomfort?).[1][2][full citation needed] For this assessment to be objective, there is a need for measurable goals[3] (for instance in terms of easiness of use or of learning) that the system must achieve. That kind of goal is called a usability goal (or also usability requirement[1][4]). They are objective criteria against which the results of the usability evaluation are compared to assess the usability of the product under evaluation.[2]

In product design

Usability goals must be included in every product design process that intends to follow a Human Factors approach (for instance, User-centered design[1] process or Usability Engineering Lifecycle[5][full citation needed]). They have to be clearly stated from the onset of the process, as soon as the end-users needs, risk of use, contexts and aims of use are identified (cf. “definition of usability goals” part).

Then, usability goals are used at each usability evaluation phase of the design process. Whatever the type of evaluation phase (i.e. formative or summative evaluation[6][page needed]), they are used to assess the performance of the users against the result of the evaluation process:

Formulation

Usability goals must address the three usability components, i.e. effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction.[2] Their definition, for each of those components, must rest on the characteristics of the tasks that the tested system is supposed to support.[2] More practically, Mayhew [5] proposes that their definition should refer to:

Moreover, for certain types of products that are used for sensitive purposes (for instance, medical devices or nuclear plant control interface), usability goals must be defined in close relation to the Risk assessment process of those products.[7][8][full citation needed] This kind of “safety-oriented usability goal” is used to prevent a tool being released on the market while identifying deficiencies in its interface design that could induce Use errors. Thus, risks that may result in use errors must be identified; and then, for each of them, usability goals must be defined, taking into account the severity of the potential consequences of the risk[4][9](for instance, in terms of operator, patient or environment safety).

Prioritization

For a given tool under evaluation, several usability goals are defined. If some goals are related to safety issues while others are more “comfort of use usability goals", they will not all require the same level of achievement.

For instance, a “comfort of use usability goal” dealing with the easiness of browsing on the Internet that does not endanger users' safety could require a partial achievement (e.g. 80% of users must achieve using a function that make easier the browsing on the Internet, as a short-cut) while a usability goal concerning a major risk for users' or environment' safety would require a total achievement (no error tolerated; e.g.100% of the users must succeed in using a defibrillator at their first trial). For this kind of “safety-oriented usability goal”, a non-achievement reveals that the use of the tool may lead to dramatic consequences. Those goals should be satisfied before any release of the system (for instance, a patient safety sensitive Health Information Technology cannot be released if it has been shown to induce errors of use [7][8]).

Therefore, the achievement level of the defined usability goals should be prioritized.[5]

Measurement

The goals are defined either in a qualitative or a quantitative way.[5] Nonetheless, whatever their nature, they have to be operationally defined. The achievement of qualitative usability goals can be assessed through verbal protocols analysis. Then, the goal will be formulated in terms related to the coding scheme used for the analysis. Those qualitative goals can be turned into quantitative goals to support an objective quantifiable assessment. This kind of goal can take the shape of:

As for qualitative usability goals assessed through questionnaires, they can be formulated as:

As for quantitative goal, they can be assessed by various methods such as time measurement (instance in [2]), keystroke analysis or error rate quantification. They may look like (following[3][10][page needed]):

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d International Organization for Standardization. Ergonomics of human system interaction - Part 210 -: Human centred design for interactive systems (Rep N°9241-210). 2010, International Organization for Standardization
  2. ^ a b c d e Nielsen, Usability Engineering, 1994
  3. ^ a b Salvemini, A. V. (1999). "Challenges for user-interface designers of telemedicine systems". Telemedicine Journal. 5 (2): 163–168. doi:10.1089/107830299312122. PMID 10908428.
  4. ^ a b van der Peijl, Jorien; Klein, Jan; Grass, Christian; Freudenthal, Adinda (August 2012). "Design for risk control: the role of usability engineering in the management of use-related risks". Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 45 (4): 795–812. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2012.03.006. PMID 22466009.
  5. ^ a b c d Mayhew. The usability engineering lifecycle: a practitioner's handbook for user interface design. London, Academic press; 1999
  6. ^ a b c Brender J. Handbook of evaluation methods for health informatics. Burlington, MA: Elsevier; 2006.
  7. ^ a b Schertz, JC; Saunders, H; Hecker, C; Lang, B; Arriagada, P (September 2011). "The redesigned follitropin alfa pen injector: results of the patient and nurse human factors usability testing". Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 8 (9): 1111–1120. doi:10.1517/17425247.2011.608350. PMID 21843107. S2CID 36467110.
  8. ^ a b Marcilly et al., Patient Safety Oriented Usability Goals: a pilot study. MIE 2013.
  9. ^ Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Human factors engineering-design of medical devices (ANSI/AAMI HE75). Arlington, VA: AAMI; 2009.
  10. ^ Smith E. Siochi A. Software usability: requirements by evaluation. In: Human factors perspectives on human-computer interaction. Santa Monica, CA: Human factors and Ergonomics Society, 1995.
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