Phasor measurement unit has multiple outlink articles that should have inbound links made. This technology is crucial to smart grid management. eg. inventor article, smart grid, demand response, transmission. also, I'd like to understand how pmus are used in hvdc since it is not an Alternating current phase.
Point to Point current systems versus multipoint "Ocean" concept
They seem to refer to a modern multipoint distribution network as having "Fuzzy" load flow as opposed to classic tree.
Interlink the 2003 blackout with modernization motivation: esp. HVDC and other transmission
Vocabulary
transmission of "large power blocks"
Buses- as in outside of the HVDC to AC interlink
Corridor
Interconnection
Time of use pricing
Bulk power
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)- an HVAC alternative to some HVDC like problems
wide area measurement system (WAMS): "value in power system dynamic monitoring and potential applications in system modeling and validation, feed-back control and system wide protection"
Synchronized phasor measurement technology has been gaining increasingly interests in China due to its wide area time synchronization capability and fast transmission speed. With the development of GPS, computer and communication technology, the prototype of phasor measurement unit (PMU) was first developed in United States in early 1990s....The phasor measurement unit (PMU) is considered to be one of the most important measuring devices in the future of power systems. The distinction comes from its unique ability to provide synchronized phasor measurements of voltages and currents from widely dispersed locations in an electric power grid. The commercialization of the global positioning satellite (GPS) with accuracy of timing pulses in the order of 1 microsecond made possible the commercial production of phasor measurement units.
noted that pmu came from gps innovation- probably the common communication clock with microsecond timing accuracy.
A global supergrid was proposed in 1994 "Global Link - Interkontinentaler Energieverbund, Tagung in Essen 11.-12. Oktober 1994, VDI Berichte 1129, S. 43-54."
TBD- need to beef up discussion of cooridors - especially discussion of the various paths in the hvdc and hvac grids EG: template for cooridors:
TBD- search "developmental field test" and "modern grid". doe has done some work.
some stuff for distributed grids or the idea of smart control of smart grids: here, see page 6
Autonomous Dynamic Feeder Reconfiguration System: The intended system will dynamically collect data from distribution feeders and, in case of a fault, will automatically isolate the fault and restore electric service using available capacity from adjacent feeders. The unique concept of this design is the real time determination and transfer of available capacity from adjacent feeders. This is capacity that is normally not utilized with conventional (manual) load transfer schemes.
quick overview might look like that given for the chinese networks. Yusheng Xue, Member, IEEE. "TOWARDS SPACE-TIME COOPERATIVE DEFENSE FRAMEWORK AGAINST BLACKOUTS IN CHINA" (Document). p. 16. ((cite document)): Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) page 16:
The East China Power Grid is the largest regional grid in China, which consists of 5
provincial/metropolis grids, namely Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui and Shanghai. This regional grid
is interconnected with the Central China Power Grid through 2 HVDC lines. In 2006 it has a total of
5000 buses and 460 generators with a peak load of 107 GW.
HVDC network data on china:Yin Yonghua, Chief Engineer, China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI), Beijing, China. "ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM IN CHINA: HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT, PRESENT STATUS & FUTURE PERSPECTIVE (PAPER 07GM0769)" (Document). p. 20. ((cite document)): Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) page 20:
The HVDC and UHVDC projects, which are in construction or in planning, are as follows:
(1) The second ±500 kV HVDC project from Guizhou province to Guangdong province in South China,
with transmission capacity 3000MW, and it will be available in 2007.
(3) the back to back ±500 kV DC project between North-east power grid and North power grid, with
transmission capacity 1500MW, and it be available around 2008.
(4) The project of ±500 kV HVDC from Ningxia in North-west China to Tianjing in North China, the
transmission capacity is 3000MW, and it will be available around 2008.
(5) The project of two ±500 kV HVDC on one tower from Central China to East China, the
transmission capacity is 6000MW, and it will be available around 2009.
(6) ±500 kV HVDC project from Hulunbeier Coal base in Hailongjiang province to Liaoning province
in North-East China, the transmission capacity is 3000MW, and it will be available around 2009-2010.
(7) ±800 kV UHVDC project from Yunnan province to Guangdong province in South China, with
transmission capacity 5000MW, and it will be available around 2009-2010.
(8) There will be three ±800 kV UHVDC project for Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba hydro power station in
south-west China, in which two wii go to East China and one to Central-China, the transmission capacity
of each project is 6400MW, and it will be available from 2011 to 2016.
(9) ±800 kV UHVDC project from Jingping hydro power station in south-west China to East China, the
transmission capacity is 6400MW, and it will be available around 2013.
(10) There will be ±800 kV UHVDC project for Hulunbeier Coal base, in which one wii go to Liaoning
province in North-East China, and another to North China, the transmission capacity of each project is
6400MW, and it will be available from 2015 to 2020.
How do you build a smart grid? One must build a two-way communication grid, an information grid that rides on it, and upgrade the energy grid to be two-way.
The steps are:
Build an Energy SOA
Deploy 2-way AMI everywhere
Collect data via an MDM
Deploy sensors on top of 2 way network for asset tracking and control of every key asset Feed the data to Distribution management systems (DMS) Connect DMS to OMS, GIS, AMS, WMS.
Feed DMS data to SCADA/EMS and planning tools Expand meter access to the premise via ZigBee/HomePlug/PLC to manage discrete smart appliances for DR and DSM programs Upgrade energy grid with micro grids and two way electric buses
-Andres E. Carvallo, Chief Information Officer, Austin Energy
Zigbee is wireless control of devices, and PLC is powerline over the wire communication.
Austin uses Cellnet+Hunt’s two-way mesh AMI system
The CENTRON meter's functionality is enhanced by embedding Ember's ZigBee Alliance chip to provide a full two-way communications pathway to the home. It becomes the gateway to the home area network's (HAN) appliances and control systems.
"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) “2007 Demand Response and Advanced Metering” defines the HAN as the home network that runs the switches. (do they discuss smart switches? - Zigbee uses wireless communication , plc uses the line). [2]
HVDC/Super grids: Map of India planned upgrades to long haul on page 9 of [3]
www.energyfuturecoalition.org group's take on what a smart grid is: see page 24 of "Challenge and Opportunity: Charting a new energy future" EFCReport.pdf