Protocol stack | |
Abbreviation | IPv10 |
---|---|
Purpose | internetworking protocol |
Developer(s) | Unknown |
Introduction | 2023 |
OSI layer | Network layer |
Internet Protocol version 10 (IPv10) is the tenth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is proposed to be one of the core protocols of internetworking methods in the Internet and other packet-switched networks. IPv10 is the Proposed version of Internet Protocol announced by an anonymous group in 2023 on the Internet in June 2023. It is not yet in use
Like IPV6 IPv10 uses a 128-bit address space which provides 20,282,409,603,651,670,423,947,268,063,232 (2104x224) addresses. Which is split into 2104 networks and 224 or 16,777,216 hosts per network.
The Internet Protocol is the protocol that defines and enables internetworking at the internet layer of the Internet Protocol Suite. In essence it forms the Internet. It uses a logical addressing system and performs routing, which is the forwarding of packets from a source host to the next router that is one hop closer to the intended destination host on another network.
IPv10 is a connectionless protocol, and operates on a best-effort delivery model, in that it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery. These aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
IPv10 uses 128-bit addresses which provides a total address space of 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (2128) bits.
IPv10 addresses may be represented in any notation expressing a 128-bit integer value. Like IPv6 IPv10 they are most often written in colin-hexadecimal notation, which consists of eight sixteen bit addresses expressed individually in hexadecimal numbers and separated by colin character.
For example, the colin-hexadecimal IP address AC02:90A0:8930:78B3:8902:39CF:EF10:965A/104 CIDR notation combines the address with its routing prefix in which the address is followed by a slash character followed by number one hunderand and four four(/104).
IPv10 in the IP address was divided into two parts: the network identifier was the most significant 104 bits address, and the host identifier is the rest of the address. The latter is called the rest field. This structure permitted an extreme number of network identifiers needed to scale as the world scales.
33,554,432 IP address have to be reserved for link-local address.
The IP address ::1 is to be reserved as the loopback.
The first address in any network is used to communicate with the autonomous Authority(AA). To avoid ambiguity this address is reserved. In certain contexts, it is useful to have fixed addresses with functional significance .
AA servers reply to queries send to the first address of the network address i.e. the address at XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XX00:0000
If the address of the network has all host bits set to 1. It is used as a local broadcast address for sending messages to all devices on the network simultaneously. i.e. IP address XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXXff:ffff is considerd a broadcast address.
For example, the identifier AC02:90A0:8930:78B3:8902:39CF:ED00:0000 is used to refer to the entire network. The broadcast address of the network is AC02:90A0:8930:78B3:8902:39CF:EDff:ffff.
Type | hexadecimal notation | |
---|---|---|
Autonomous authority (AA) Address |
| |
Broadcast address | AC02:90A0:8930:78B3:8902:39CF:EDff:ffff
| |
In red, is shown the host part of the IP address; the other part is the network prefix but the network prefix remains intact. |
In order to aid in routing requests made to a hosts in the network it requires a network to have an autonomous authority (AA) server which responds to requests made to at the first address of the network i.e. the address at XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XX00:0000
Type | hexadecimal notation | |
---|---|---|
Autonomous authority (AA) Address | AC02:90A0:8930:78B3:8902:39CF:ED00:0000
| |
In red, is shown the host part of the IP address; the other part is the network prefix but the network prefix remains intact. |
Main article: Domain Name System |
Hosts on the Internet are usually known by names, e.g., www.example.com, not primarily by their IP address, which is used for routing and network interface identification. The use of domain names requires translating, called resolving, them to addresses and vice versa. This is analogous to looking up a phone number in a phone book using the recipient's name.
The translation between addresses and domain names is performed by the Domain Name System (DNS), a hierarchical, distributed naming system that allows for the subdelegation of namespaces to other DNS servers.
An IP packet consists of a header section and a data section. An IP packet has no data checksum or any other footer after the data section. Typically the link layer encapsulates IP packets in frames with a CRC footer that detects most errors, many transport-layer protocols carried by IP also have their own error checking.[1]
The IPv4 packet header consists of 14 fields, of which 13 are required. The 14th field is optional and aptly named: options. The fields in the header are packed with the most significant byte first (network byte order), and for the diagram and discussion, the most significant bits are considered to come first (MSB 0 bit numbering). The most significant bit is numbered 0, so the version field is actually found in the four most significant bits of the first byte, for example.
Offsets | Octet | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Octet | Bit | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
0 | 0 | Version | IHL | DSCP | ECN | Total Length | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 32 | Identification | Flags | Fragment Offset | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | 64 | hop count | Protocol | Header Checksum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | 96 | Source IP Address | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | 128 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | 160 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | 192 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | 224 | Destination IP Address | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | 256 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | 288 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | 320 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | 352 | Options (if IHL > 11) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | 384 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | 416 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | 448 |
Field | Size (bits) | Description |
---|---|---|
Copied | 1 | Set to 1 if the options need to be copied into all fragments of a fragmented packet. |
Option Class | 2 | A general options category. 0 is for control options, and 2 is for debugging and measurement. 1 and 3 are reserved. |
Option Number | 5 | Specifies an option. |
Option Length | 8 | Indicates the size of the entire option (including this field). This field may not exist for simple options. |
Option Data | Variable | Option-specific data. This field may not exist for simple options. |
Option Type (decimal/hexadecimal) | Option Name | Description |
---|---|---|
0/0x00 | EOOL | End of Option List |
1/0x01 | NOP | No Operation |
2/0x02 | SEC | Security (defunct) |
7/0x07 | RR | Record Route |
10/0x0A | ZSU | Experimental Measurement |
11/0x0B | MTUP | MTU Probe |
12/0x0C | MTUR | MTU Reply |
15/0x0F | ENCODE | ENCODE |
25/0x19 | QS | Quick-Start |
30/0x1E | EXP | RFC3692-style Experiment |
68/0x44 | TS | Time Stamp |
82/0x52 | TR | Traceroute |
94/0x5E | EXP | RFC3692-style Experiment |
130/0x82 | SEC | Security (RIPSO) |
131/0x83 | LSR | Loose Source Route |
133/0x85 | E-SEC | Extended Security (RIPSO) |
134/0x86 | CIPSO | Commercial IP Security Option |
136/0x88 | SID | Stream ID |
137/0x89 | SSR | Strict Source Route |
142/0x8E | VISA | Experimental Access Control |
144/0x90 | IMITD | IMI Traffic Descriptor |
145/0x91 | EIP | Extended Internet Protocol |
147/0x93 | ADDEXT | Address Extension |
148/0x94 | RTRALT | Router Alert |
149/0x95 | SDB | Selective Directed Broadcast |
151/0x97 | DPS | Dynamic Packet State |
152/0x98 | UMP | Upstream Multicast Packet |
158/0x9E | EXP | RFC3692-style Experiment |
205/0xCD | FINN | Experimental Flow Control |
222/0xDE | EXP | RFC3692-style Experiment |
The packet payload is not included in the checksum. Its contents are interpreted based on the value of the Protocol header field.
List of IP protocol numbers contains a complete list of payload protocol types. Some of the common payload protocols include:
Protocol Number | Protocol Name | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|
1 | Internet Control Message Protocol | ICMP |
2 | Internet Group Management Protocol | IGMP |
6 | Transmission Control Protocol | TCP |
17 | User Datagram Protocol | UDP |
41 | IPv6 encapsulation | ENCAP |
89 | Open Shortest Path First | OSPF |
132 | Stream Control Transmission Protocol | SCTP |
IP addresses are not tied in any permanent manner to networking hardware and, indeed, in modern operating systems, a network interface can have multiple IP addresses. In order to properly deliver an IP packet to the destination host on a link, hosts and routers need additional mechanisms to make an association between the hardware address[a] of network interfaces and IP addresses. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) performs this IP-address-to-hardware-address translation for IPv4. In addition, the reverse correlation is often necessary. For example, unless an address is preconfigured by an administrator, when an IP host is booted or connected to a network it needs to determine its IP address. Protocols for such reverse correlations include Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) and, infrequently, reverse ARP.