This is the main sandbox of P. Aculeius Spina. Tables created for pages about Crayola crayon colours and Web colours have been moved to a supplemental sandbox. I've also made a bibliographic sandbox and one for sourcing the article on Roman names.
Year | Postmaster |
---|---|
1845 | John Doe |
1848 | Richard Roe |
1852 | Evan Jones |
==Family== ==Career== ==Footnotes== ((notelist-lr)) ==References== ((reflist)) ==Bibliography== * Titus Livius ([[Livy]]), ''Ab Urbe Condita'' (History of Rome). * [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Romaike Archaiologia''. * ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * [[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T. Robert S. Broughton]], ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952). ==See also== *[[Julia (gens)]] ((DEFAULTSORT:Julius)) [[Category:Julii|]]
((Short description|Ancient Roman family)) The '''gens ______''' was a [[plebeian]] family at [[ancient Rome]]. Members of this [[gens]] are first mentioned... ==Origin== ==Praenomina== ==Branches and cognomina== ==Members== ((Filiation)) ==Notes== ((notelist-lr)) ==See also== * [[List of Roman gentes]] ==References== ((reflist)) ==Bibliography== * [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Romaike Archaiologia''. * Titus Livius ([[Livy]]), ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)|History of Rome]]''. * [[Lucius Cassius Dio]], ''Roman History''. * ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * [[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|T. Robert S. Broughton]], ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952–1986). [[Category:Roman gentes]]
The '''patricians''' (((Lang-la|[[Wikt:patricius|patricii]]))) were the hereditary aristocracy of ancient Rome. Originating in the time of the [[Roman Kingdom|kings]], the patricians obtained a near monopoly on political power under the early [[Roman Republic|Republic]], and they dominated the Roman state down to the period of the [[Samnite Wars]]. The patricians were one of the two main social orders that made up the ''populus Romanus'', the body of free [[Roman citizenship|Roman citizens]]. The other order, known as the ''plebs'', or [[plebs|plebeians]], consisted of the common people of Rome. The struggle of the plebeians to obtain legal and political equality with the patricians was known as the ''[[Conflict of the Orders]]'', and was seen by the Roman historians as the defining process of the early Republic, leading to the establishment of many institutions and traditions that came to be regarded as quintessentially Roman. In the middle and later Republic, as the patricians and plebeians achieved near-parity in social and political power, the importance of patrician status became largely symbolic, and new divisions appeared among the Roman people, including the [[equites]], or knights, an order based primarily on wealth, rather than inherited privilege, and the political factions known as the [[optimates]] and the [[populares]], whose struggles dominated the final century of the Republic. By [[Roman Empire|imperial times]], the distinction between the patricians and the plebeians was largely one of prestige; but such was the aura of patrician status that new patricians were created by the [[Roman emperor]]s to replenish the depleted ranks of that order. By the third century AD, patrician status ceased to have any practical meaning. The rank of ''patricius'' was subsequently revived by [[Constantine the Great]] as a title of personal distinction granted to the emperors' most trusted advisors. In this form the title survived the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Empire]], as it continued to be bestowed on supporters of the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperors]], and in the west by the [[List of popes|popes]], as well as the [[Italian city-states|various city-states]] that emerged in medieval Italy and elsewhere. ==Origins== According to tradition, the origins of the patriciate go back to the time of [[Romulus]], the legendary founder and first King of Rome, who appointed one hundred leading men to form the first [[Roman Senate|Roman senate]]. These senators, who came to be addressed as ''patres conscripti'', or conscript fathers, were viewed as the ancestors of the patricians. Further patrician families were appointed under the succeeding kings, until the time of [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]], the seventh and last Roman king, who was expelled before he could create any new patricians. Additional families were admitted to the patriciate under the Roman Republic, perhaps by adlection, but it is not clear how often or for how long this was done. By the end of the Republic, the ranks of the patricians were severely depleted, and laws were passed enabling [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[Augustus]] to appoint new patricians. The origin of the plebeians is less clear. In the later Republic, all free Roman citizens who were not patricians were by definition plebeians. The Roman historians assumed that the plebeian order originated together with or immediately following the patricians, comprising immigrants, freedmen, and those captured in war, who eventually obtained Roman citizenship, but not the full rights of the patricians. However, it is not certain that there was any unified body of plebeians prior to the establishment of the Republic, or that the plebeians constituted a distinct order comprising all non-patrician citizens prior to 367 BC, when the ''[[lex Licinia Sextia]]'' is said to have opened the [[Roman consul]]ship to the plebs. ==The Conflict of the Orders== ==Membership== ===Patrician gentes=== ===Maiores and minores=== ==Decline of the patriciate== ==Patricians in imperial times== ==Patricius== ==Medieval and subsequent usage== ==Footnotes== ((reflist|group=lower-roman)) ==References== ((reflist)) ==Bibliography== ((Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Patrician (ancient Rome) |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= )) ==Further reading== ==External links== ((Authority control)) [[Category:Roman patricians]] [[Category:Social classes in ancient Rome]] [[Category:Social groups]]
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This table lists the magistrates and events from the most recent reconstruction of the Fasti Capitolini. The years supplied are based on the Varronian chronology; years AUC given in the original table are provided under "notes". Portions of names and text in square brackets have been interpolated. Periods (full stops) have been supplied for abbreviations. An m-dash is used for missing or unknown filiations. Other missing text is indicated with an ellipsis in brackets, [. . .]. This table uses modern conventions for distinguishing between I and J, and between U and V.
Year BC |
Year AUC |
Magistracy | Left column | Right column |
---|---|---|---|---|
Years [insert] missing | ||||
Coss. | Name1 | Name2 | ||
Coss. | Name1 | Name2 |
Year BC |
Year AUC |
Magistracy | Left column | Right column |
---|---|---|---|---|
— | — | [...]ntius M. f. | M. Scantinius M. f. | |
48 | 706 | Coss. Dict./Mag. Eq. |
[C. Jul]iu[s C. f. C. n. Caesar II] [C. Jul]ius C. f. C. n. Caesar II |
[P. Ser]vilius P. f. C. n. Isa[ur]i[c]us M. Antonius M. [f.] M. n. |
47 | 707 | Coss. | [Q. Fufius] Q. f. C. n. Cale[nus] | P. Vatinius [P. f.] |
46 | 708 | Coss. Dict./Mag. Eq. |
[C. Jul]ius C. f. C. n. Ca[esar III] [C. Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar III] |
[M.] Aemilius M. [f. Q.] n. L[epi]dus [M.] Aemiliu[s Lep]idus |
45 | 709 | Coss. Suf. |
[C. Jul]ius [C.] f. C. n. Caesar IIII sine collega, abd. [...] |
|
44 | 710 | Coss. Suf. |
[C. Juliu]s C. f. C. n. Caesar V occis. e. P. [C]or[ne]lius L. f. L. n. [D]olab[ella] |
M. Antonius M. f. M. n. |
43 | 711 | Coss. Suf. IIIviri r. p. c. |
C. Vi[bi]us C. f. C. n. [P]ansa [...] mort. e. C. Ju[l]ius C. f. C. n. Caesar abd. C. C[ar]rinas C. f. [C. n.] [...]lus L. f. M. n. [...] M. [Antoni]us M. f. M. n. [M.] Aemili[u]s [M. f. Q. n. Lepidus] |
A. Hirtius A. f. L. [n.] mort. e. [Q. P]edius M. f. abd. P. Ventidiu[s P. f.] [C. Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar] |
42 | 712 | Coss. Censs. |
[M.] Aemil[iu]s [M. f. Q. n. Lepidu]s II [C. Antonius M. f. M.] n. |
L. [Munatius L. f. Plancus] [P.] Sulpicius P. [f. Rufus] lustr. n. f. |
41 | 713 | Coss. | [L. Antonius M. f. M. n.] | [P. Servi]li[us] P. f. P. n. Isauricus [II] |
40 | 714 | Coss. Suf. |
[Cn. Domitius M. f. Calvinus II] [L. Cornelius L. f. B]alb. |
[C. Asi]niu[s] Cn. [f. — n.] Po[ll]io L. Can[idius P. f. Crassus] |
39 | 715 | Coss. Suf. |
[L. Marcius L. f. Censorinus] C. C[o]cceius — f. [Balbus] |
[C. Calvisius C. f. Sabinus] [P. Alfenus P. f. Varus] |
38 | 716 | Coss. Suf. |
[Ap. Claudius C. f. Pulcher] [L. Cornelius — f.] |
[C. Norbanus C. f. Flaccus] [L. Marcius L. f. Philippus] |
37 | 717 | Coss. Suf. IIIviri r. p. c. |
[M.] Vip[s]an[ius L. f. Agrippa] M. Anton[ius M. f. M. n. II] M. [A]em[ilius M. f. Q. n. Lepidus II |
[L. Caninius L. f. Gallus] [T. Statilius T. f. Taurus] [C. Julius C. f. C. n. II] |
36 | 718 | Coss. |
[L. Gellius L. f. Poplicola] L. No[nius L. f. Asprenas] |
[M. Cocceius — f. Nerva] [M. Marcius — f.] |
35 | 719 | Coss. |
[L. C]orni[ficius L. f.] P. [C]orneli[us — f. Dolabella] |
[Sex. Pompeius Sex. f.] [T. Peducaelus — f.] |
34 | 720 | Coss. | [M. Antonius M. f. M. n. II] | [L. Scribonius L. f. Libo] |
33 | 721 | Coss. Suf. |
[Imp. Caesar divi f. II] [L. Autronius P. f. Paetus] |
[L. Volcacius L. f. Tullus] [L.] Flavi[us ...] |
32 | 722 | Suf. | [M. Valer.] M. f. [Messalla]] | [L. Cornelius — f. Cinna] |
31 | 723 | Coss. Suf. |
[Imp. Cae]s. div[i f. III] M. [Titius L. f.] |
[M. Valerius M. f. Messalla Corvinus] [Cn. Pompeius Q. f.] |
30 | 724 | Suf. | [M. Tullius] M. [f. Ci]ce[ro] | [L. Saenius L. f.] |
29 | 725 | Coss. Suf. |
[Imp. Caes. divi f. V] Pot. [Val]e[rius] — f. Messalla] |
[Sex. App]ule[ius Sex. f. Sex. n.] |
28 | 726 | Coss. | [Imp.] Caes. divi f. VI | [M. Agrippa] L. f. [II] |
27 | 727 | Coss. | [Imp.] Caes. divi f. V[II] | [M. Agrippa] L. f. [III] |
26 | 728 | Coss. | [Imp.] Caesar [d]ivi f. [Aug.] IIX | [T. S]tatilius T. [f. Taurus II] |
25 | 729 | Coss. | [Im]p. Caes. [div]i f. [Aug. IX] | M. Juniu[s] M. f. D. [n. Silanus] |
24 | 730 | Coss. | [Imp. Ca]es. divi f. Aug. [X] | C. Norbanu[s C. f. C. n. Flaccus] |
23 | 731 | Coss. | [I]m[p. C]aes. di[v]i f. [Aug. XI] abd. [L. Sestius P. f. Quirinalis] |
A. Terentius [A. f. Varro Murena] damn. e. [Cn. Calpurnius Cn. f. Piso] |
22 | 732 | Coss. | [L. Arruntius L. f. L. n.] | [M. C]l[audius] M. [f. M. n. Marcellus] |
21 | 733 | Coss. | [M. Lollius M. f.] M. n. | Q. Aemil[ius M'. f. Lepidus] |
20 | 734 | Coss. | [M. Appuleiu]s Sex. f. [Sex. n.] | [P.] Silius [P.] f. N[erva] |
19 | 735 | Coss. Suf. |
[C. Sentius C. f. S]aturninu[s] [M. Vini]cius M'. f. |
[Q.] Lucretius Q. [f. Vespillo] |
18 | 736 | Coss. | [Cn. C]ornelius L. f. Lent[ul.] | P. Cor[ne]lius P. f. Le[ntulus] |
17 | 737 | Coss. | [C. Ju]nius M. f. D. n. Silan[u]s | C. Furnius C. f. |
16 | 738 | Coss. Suf. |
[L. Dom]itius Cn. f. [A]hen[ob.] | [P.] C[or]neliu[s P. f. Scipio] [L. Tar]ius L. f. L. [n. Rufus] |
15 | 739 | Coss. | [L. Calpurnius L. f. Piso] | [M. Liviu]s [L. f. Dru]sus Libo |
14 | 740 | Coss. | [M. Licini]us [M. f. Crassus] | [Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Len]tulus |
13 | 741 | Coss. | [Ti. Cl]audius Ti. f. N[ero] | P. Quintil[i]us S[ex. f.] Varus |
12 | 742 | Coss. Suf. |
[M. V]alerius L. f. [Messalla] [C. Valgiu]s abd. [C. Caninius C. f.] Re[bilus] [L. Vo]lusius Q. f. Saturninus |
[P. Sulp]icius [P. f. —] n. Q[ui]riniu[s] |
11 | 743 | Coss. | [Q. Aelius Q. f. Tubero] | [P]aullus Fa[bius Q. f. Maximus] |
10 | 744 | Coss. | [Africanus Fabius Q. f. Ma]x[im]us | Iu[llus Antonius M. f.] |
9 | 745 | Coss. | [Nero Claudius Ti. f. Drusus] | T. Q[uinctius T. f. Crispinus] |
8 | 746 | Coss. | [C. Marcius L. f. Censorinus] | [C.] A[sinius C. f. Gallus] |
Year AD |
Year AUC |
Magistracy | Left column | Right column |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 755 | Coss. Suf. |
[C.] Caes. Aug. [f.] | [L. Aemilius Paulli f. Paullus] M. He[rennius M. f. M'. n. Picens] |
2 | 756 | Coss. Suf. |
[P. Vinici]us [M. f. P. n.] [P. Cornelius Cn. f. Scipio] |
[P. Alfenus P. f. P. n. Varus] T. Quinctius T. f. Crispinus] |
Year 3 missing | ||||
4 | 758 | Coss. Suf. |
[Sex. Aelius Q. f. L. n. Catus] [Cn. Sentius C. f. Saturninus] |
[C.] Se[ntius C. f. C. n. Saturninus] [C. Clodius] C. f. [Licinus] |
5 | 759 | Coss. Suf. |
[L. Valerius Pot. f. Messalla] [C. Vibius C. f. C. n. Postimus] |
[Cn. Cornelius L. f. Cinna] Mag[nus] [C.] Ateiu[s L. f. L. n. Capito] |
6 | 760 | Coss. Suf. |
[M. Aemilius Paulli f. L. n. Lepidus] | L. Arruntius L. f. L. n.] [L. Nonius — f. Asprenas] |
7 | 761 | Coss. Suf. |
[Q. Caecilius Q. f. Metellus Cr]etic[us] | [A. Licinius A. f. Nerva] — Luciliu]s Long[us] |
8 | 762 | Coss. Suf. |
[M. Furlius Camillus] [L. A]proni[us] |
[Sex. Noni]us Quinc[tilianus] [A. Vibius Habitus] |
9 | 763 | Coss. Suf. |
[C. P]oppaeus Sa[binus] [M. Papius] Mutil[us] |
[Q. Sulpicius Camerinus] [Q. Poppaeus Secundus] |
10 | 764 | Coss. | [P. Cornelius Dolabella] | [C. Junius Silanus] |
Years 11–16 missing | ||||
17 | 771 | Coss. |
[L. Pomponius L. f. Flaccus] [C. Vibius C. f. Marsus] |
[C. Ca]elius [C. f. Rufus] L. Voluseiu[s — f. Proculus] |
18 | 772 | Coss. Suf. |
[Ti. Caesar Augustus III] L. Seius L. f. T[ubero] |
[Ge]rmanicus Ti. [Aug. f. Caesar II] |
Years 19–30 missing | ||||
31 | 785 | Coss. Suf. |
[Ti. Caesar Augustus V] [Faustus Cornelius — f. Sulla] |
[L. Aelius Sejanus] [Sex.] Tediu[s — Catullus] |
Years 32, 33 missing | ||||
34 | 788 | Coss. | [Paullus Fabius — f. — n. Per]sic[us] | [L. Vitellius — f. — n.] |
Year 35 missing | ||||
36 | 790 | Coss. Suf. |
[...] | [...] abd. [M. Porcius — f. Cato] |
37 | 791 | Coss. Suf. |
[Cn. Acerronius — f. — n.] [C.] C[ae]s[ar Aug. Germanicus] A. Cae[c]in[a — f. Paetus] |
[C. Pontius — f. — n.] [Ti. Claudius Germ]an[icus] [...] |
Year BC |
Year AUC |
Magistracy | Consuls |
---|---|---|---|
39 | 715 | Suf. Kal. Jul.? Suf. [...] |
[P. Alfen]u[s] [C. Coc]ceiu[s] |
38 | 716 | Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept. |
[Ap. Claudius] C. Norba[nus] L. Lentul[us] L. Philipp[us] |
37 | 717 | Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. |
[L. Ca]ninius M. Agrip[pa] T. Statil[ius] |
36 | 718 | Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept. |
L. Gellius M. Cocce[ius] Q. Mar[cius] L. Noniu[s] |
35 | 719 | Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept. |
L. Cornifici. Sex. Pom[peius] P. Dolab[ella] T. Peduc[aeus] |
34 | 720 | Coss. Suf. Kal. Jul. Suf. Kal. Sept. |
L. Scriboni. L. Atra[tinus] Paul. Ae[milius] C. Mem[mius] [M. Herennius] |
Years 33–30 missing | |||
29 | 725 | Coss. Suf. Kal. Oct. |
[I]mp. Caes[ar V] [Sex. Appuleius] [Potitus Valerius] |
28 | 726 | Coss. Suf. [...] |
[I]mp. Cae[sar VI] [M. Agrippa II] [...] |
Year BC |
Year AUC |
Magistracy | Left column | Right column | Other text |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
63 | 691 | Coss. | M.Tullius Cicero | C. An[tonius] | |
62 | 692 | Coss. | D. Junius Silanus | L. Lic[inius Murena] | |
61 | 693 | Coss. | M. Pupius Piso Frugi | M. Vale[rius Messalla] | |
Years 60–45 missing | |||||
44 | 710 | Coss. Suf. Dict. |
[C. Julius Caesar V] P. Cornelius Dolabell[a] [C. Julius Ca]esar |
[M. Antonius M. f.] | [bellu]m civil. Mutinese cum M. [A]ntonio |
43 | 711 | Coss. Suf. |
[C.] Vibius Pansa C. Julius divi f. Ca[esar] [P. Ventidius P. f.] |
[A.] Hirtius A. f. Q. P[edius M. f.] [C. Carrinas C. f.] |
bellum in cam[p]is Ph[ilippicis cum] M. Brut[o] e[t C. C]a[ssio] |
42 | 712 | Coss. Censs. |
[M. Aemilius L]epidus [II] [C. Antonius M.] f. |
[L. Munatius Plancus] [P. Sulpicius Rufus] |
bellum Perusinu[m cum] L. Ant[o]nio |
Years 41–33 missing | |||||
32 | 722 | Coss. Suf. |
[Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus] [L. Cornelius Cinna] |
[C. Sosius C. f.] [M. Valerius Messalla] |
bellum Acties. class[iar.] cum M. Antonio |
31 | 723 | Coss. Suf. |
Imp. divi f. III M. Titius L. f. |
M. Valerius Messal. Corvin. Cn. Pompeius Q. f. |
|
30 | 724 | Coss. Suf. |
[Imp. C]ae[sar divi f. IIII] | M. Licinius Crassus C. Antistius Vetus [M. T]ullius Cicero [L. Sae]nius L. f. |
bell[a civilia p.] R. confect. |
29 | 725 | Coss. | Imp. C[aesar divi f. V] | [Sex. Appuleius Sex. f.] | |
28 | 726 | Coss. | [M. Agrippa L. f. II] | in ma[g. censoria potestate lustrum fecerunt] |
Social orders (from Harper's):
DGRA: ordo seviralium, the sexviri.
Eques (knight). Harper's: The equites were formed as a class under the kings, originally contributing a century for each of the Romulean tribes. They were subsequently increased to sixteen centuries, then eighteen under Servius Tullius. They were chosen by personal wealth, forming an aristocratic class, and the censors kept their number up to 1,800, dismissing those deemed unworthy and admitting new members as needed. They were provided a horse at state expense, a privilege extended to senators until the reforms of the Gracchi. They were bound to serve in up to ten military campaigns between the ages of 17 and 46, and then passed into the first censorial class. During the second century BC, the equites gradually lost their function as general cavalry, and came to be primarily a social order, from whom officers were selected. In 123 BC, Gaius Gracchus gave the equites the right to sit on juries, a task previously restricted to members of the senate, but this right was contested for the remainder of the Republic. The ordo equester lost most of its powers under Augustus, but membership became a prerequisite for most important military positions.
Illustres equites Romani (also insignes equites Romani or splendidi equites Romani), introduced by Augustus, a class of equites possessing the property of a senator. The eques had to be free-born, together with his father and grandfather.
Vir consularis (someone who held the rank of consul, usually as a former consul)
Patricius (late imperial title), from the time of Constantine an honorific given to the highest officials, not tied to a specific office or the senate. In the fifth century usually given to the leading generals; remained relatively exclusive until the time of Justinian.
Senatorial titles:
Brill's New Pauly
Four grades of equestrian ranks recognized by Licinius in his decree of 317 (Licinius II 4, Codex Theodosianus 12, 1, 5, l. 5):
All of which could be written in the reverse order.
OCD2:Italy The term "Italy" originally referred to just the toe of Italy, but the definition expanded from 450 BC to the Pyrrhic War, when it referred to everything south of Cisalpine Gaul and Liguria. In Augustus' time the term included everything south of the Alps. The Augustan poets used, among other terms, "Ausonia" (land of the Ausones); the Greeks "Opica" (strictly speaking, Campania).
"Long before the rise of Rome Italy was well populated and civilized from end to end. On the east coast were Illyrian immigrants: Veneti (?), Picentes, Messapii (qq.v.); these occasionally penetrated to the west. Hardy Sabelli (q.v.) and the related Umbrians and Volsci (qq.v.) held and tended to expand from the mountainous central regions. The southern coast-lands comprised Magna Graecia (q.v.). In the north Gauls began to settle c. 400. Various people inhabited the west; Ligurians, who were possibly of neolithic stock and originally held a wider area; Etruscans; Latini and the related Falisci and Hernici (qq.v.); Aurunci-Ausones and Oenotri (=Sicels?)..."
OCD2:Veneti "They may be of Illyrian extraction (cf. Hdt. 1. 196), although their surviving inscriptions (5th–1st c. B.C.) are not demonstrably in an Illyrian language. Archaeological evidence reveals that they immigrated into north Italy c. 950; here they preceded and later successfully resisted Etruscans and Gauls."
OCD2:Picenum "The inscriptions in the area fall into two groups: northern, from Novilara, Fano, and Pesaro, and southern (the so-called "Old Sabellic"), which, like the material culture of the region, has strong affinities with the opposite shores of the Adriatic."
OCD2:Messapii Immigrated into Calabria in the early iron age. Probably Illyrians, not Cretans. Inscriptions indicate that they spoke an Illyrian language. The Messapii proper are scarecely distinguishable from the Calabri and Sallentini (Salentini). The Peucetii (Poediculi) and Daunii also spoke Messapic. These people were collectively called Iapyges.
OCD2:Sabelli Not synonymous with Sabini. It is the Roman name for speakers of Oscan. They called themselves Safineis. Their original home was reputedly Sabine Amiternum, from which they expanded by proclaiming sacred springs and settling in fresh lands, imposing their language on and absorbing pre-Sabellian populations. This was the origin of the Samnites, Frentani, Campani, Lucani, Apuli, Bruttii, and Mamertini. The Paeligni, Vestini, Marrucini, Marsi, and Aequi (?), who spoke Oscan-type dialects, must have had a similar origin. They were more expansive than cohesive, and had no feeling of political unity. Examples cited: the Sabelli felt no unity with their ancestors, the Sabines, nor the Frentani with their ancestors, the Samnites. "Old Sabellic" is an inaccurate description applied to some untranslated inscriptions from Picenum; they may in fact be Illyrian.
OCD2:Sabini Origin is unknown; probably spoke Oscan; traditions relating to the absorption of Sabines into the early Roman population (i.e. Rape of the Sabine Women, Titus Tatius, Quirites) are probably grounded in fact.
OCD2:Umbrians Term used variously by both ancient and modern writers. A distinct Umbrian dialect of Italic is found in central Italy, and is closely related to Oscan.
OCD2:Volsci came from central Italy in the 6th century BC, and settled in the Liris valley and southeast of the Alban Hills by 500. Their language resembles Umbrian (cf. Festus, 204 L.).
OCD2:Aurunci Servius (ad Aen. 7. 727) identifies them with the Ausones (=Oscans), the prehistoric inhabitants of southern Italy (Ausonia).
OCD2:Oscans (Οπικοι, Opici, Pbsci, Osci). Prehistoric inhabitants of southern Italy. Their original habitat (Campania) gradually shrank. They may be identical with the historical Aurunci (Ausones). They were replaced by Sabelli, whose language came to be called Oscan. Samnites, Frentani, Campani, Lucani, Bruttii, Mamertini, and Apuli all spoke Oscan. The dialects of the central Italian Paeligni, Marrucini, Vestini, Marsi, Sabini, and Aequi (?) resembled Oscan. Oscan, Volscian, and Umbrian form one group of Italic languages; Latin and Faliscan form the other.
I randomly came across this discussion at Talk:Jonathan Glazer and just found Blotski's reply hilarious—and agree with it. I've often thought about the curious creature that he calls "offense by proxy", so I decided to copy the discussion here—otherwise I'll never be able to find it again!
"But other Jews condemned Glazer's speech. Jewish columnists John Podhoretz and Batya Ungar-Sargon criticized Glazer for using the words 'men who refute their Jewishness'"
I know that using "Jew" as shorthand for Jewish people is common, but I think when the situation is so polarized we need to take extra care. Jack-Vidence (talk) 20:58, 15 March 2024 (UTC)