V-1 facilities
Part of Nazi Germany
locations in France and Germany
Diagram for Maisoncelle V-1 "ski site"
Site history
Built1943–1945
Built byOrganisation Todt et al.
In useWorld War II
Battles/warsOperation Crossbow, Operation Aphrodite

To carry out the planned V-1 "flying bomb" attacks on the United Kingdom, Germany built a number of military installations including launching sites and depots. Some of the installations were huge concrete fortifications.

The Allies became aware of the sites at an early stage and carried out numerous bombing raids to destroy them before they came into use.

Production

The unpiloted aircraft was assembled at the KdF-Stadt (now Wolfsburg)[a] Volkswagenwerke ("Volkswagen works", described as "the largest pressed-steel works in Germany"[1]) near Fallersleben, at Cham/Bruns Werke,[2][verification needed] and at the Mittelwerk, underground factory in central Germany. Production plants to modify several hundred standard V-1s to Reichenberg R-III manned aircraft were in the woods of Dannenburg and at Pulverhof, with air-launch trials at Lärz and Rechlin.[3] Flight testing was performed by the Luftwaffe at Peenemünde West and, after the August 1943 Operation Hydra bombing, at Brüsterort.[4] Launch crew training was at Zempin, and the headquarters for the operational unit, Flak-Regiment 155(W), was originally based at Saleux, near Amiens,[5][6]: 173  but was subsequently moved c. December 1943 to a chateau near Creil ("FlakGruppeCreil"), with the unit's telephone relay station at Doullens.[7]

Other V-1 production-related sites included a Barth plant which used forced labor,[8] Buchenwald (V-1 parts),[9] and Allrich in the Harz.[10]

In addition to the storage and launching sites listed below, operational facilities included the airfields for Heinkel He 111 H-22 bombers which air-launched the V-1 from low altitude over the North Sea. The ten-day-long aircrew training was at Peenemünde, and the bases were at Gilze-Rijen airfield, Netherlands, for launches through 15 September 1944, and in Venlo for launches after the first week in December. Aircrews were billeted five miles away at Grossenkneten for secrecy.[11]

V-1 rolled-out by German crew

Storage depots

World War II map shows the two areas where the Germans were setting up their secret "V" weapons to bombard Englan
A World War II map shows the two areas where the Germans were setting up their secret "V" weapons to bombard England (right, center). These are the areas in which the Royal Air Force and 8th Air Force heavy bombers concentrated their bombs to destroy the weapons -- part of the pre-invasion plan. This event was given the operational code name Crossbow during World War II.

To supply the V-1 flying bomb launch sites in the Calais region, construction began on several storage depots in August 1943. Sites at Biennais, Brécourt, Oisemont Neuville-au-Bois, and Saint-Martin-l'Hortier were not completed.[why?][6] An RCAF Halifax pilot's logbook describes the target of his raids on "flying-bomb sites" on July 1, 4, and 5, 1944, as "Biennais #1", "Biennais #2," and "Biennais #3". This suggests that these storage sites were perhaps not completed because they were destroyed prior to completion.[citation needed]

The completed sites were:

To serve the ten launch sites planned for Normandy, a depot was constructed at[6] Beauvais. It was bombed June 14, 15 and 16, 1944.[14]

A depot to serve Cherbourg launches was built near[6] Valognes. By February/March 1944, a plan for three new underground V-1 storage sites was put into effect.[6] The Nucourt limestone cave complex between Pontoise and Gisors was bombed on June 22, 1944 [14] with 298 V-1s buried or severely damaged.[17]One in the Rilly-la-Montagne railway tunnel was attacked by the British with Tallboy "earthquake bombs" on July 31, collapsing both ends of the tunnel.[18] The Saint-Leu-d'Esserent mushroom caves was the largest of the underground V-1 sites. It was attacked by No. 617 Squadron RAF with Tallboys on July 4.[17][18]

A larger "Heavy Crossbow"[19] bunker was built at Siracourt, between Calais and the river Somme,[20] as a V-1 storage depot.[21]

RAF Bomber Command attacked "Bois de Cassan" (bombed August 2–4, 1944),[22] "Forêt de Nieppe" (bombed July 28, 29, 31,[13][18] August 3,4,[22] 5, 6,[13][22] 1944 and "Trossy St. Maximin" (bombed August 3–4, 1944[22][23][24])[b]

V-1 launch sequence

A V-1 displayed on a launch ramp section at the Imperial War Museum Duxford. To the right of the missile, the Anlaßgerät (launch device) carries electrical connections, including safe and arm connections to the missile. Part of the starter trolley, which chemically produces steam for the catapult, can also be seen.
  1. Final Assembly: After moving the V-1 from the storage area, the wings were slid/bolted over/to the tubular spar.[25]
  2. Final Checkout: In the non-magnetic building, "compass swinging" was completed by hanging the V-1 and pointing it toward the target. The missile's external casing of 16-gauge sheet steel was beaten with a mallet until its magnetic field was suitably aligned. The automatic pilot was set with the flight altitude input (300–2500 metres) to the barometric (aneroid) height control and with the range set within the air log (journey computer).[26]
  3. Hoisting: The V-1 was delivered to the launching ramp via a wooden handling trolley on rails.[27] A wooden lifting gantry on rails was connected to the V-1 lifting lug to hoist and move it onto the launching spot at the lower end of the launching ramp.[28]
  4. Fueling and Charging:[verification needed] Via the tank filler cap, 1,133 lbs (140 gallons) of petrol (German: B-Stoff) were added (later longer-range models held more). The twin spherical iron air bottles were charged with 900 psi air to power the automatic pilot (Steuergerät). Air at 90 psi powered the pneumatic servo-motors for the elevators and rudder.[29]
  5. Catapult setup: The starter trolley with the hydrogen peroxide (German: T-Stoff) and catalyst (potassium permanganate granules, Z-Stoff) was connected to provide steam to the ramp's firing tube, and the steam piston was placed into the firing tube with the piston's launching lug connected to the V-1.[30]
  6. V-1 startup: While the steam-generating trolley was being connected, the Argus As 109-014 Ofenrohr pulsejet engine was started.[31]
  7. Launch
  8. Post-launch: The steam piston, having separated from the V-1 at the end of the ramp during launch, was collected for re-use (the site nominally had only two pistons). Personnel in rubber boots and protective clothing used a catwalk along the ramp and washed the launching rail with brooms.[31]

V-1 launching sites

V-1 launching sites in France were located in nine general areas – four of which had the ramps aligned toward London, and the remainder toward Brighton, Dover, Newhaven, Hastings, Southampton, Manchester, Portsmouth, Bristol, and Plymouth. The sites on the Cherbourg peninsula targeting Bristol and Plymouth were captured before being used, and eventually launching ramps were moved to Holland to target Antwerp (first launched on 3 March 1945 from Delft).[32]

Initially the V-1 launching sites had storage buildings that were curved at the end to protect the contents against damage from air attacks. On aerial reconnaissance pictures these storage from above looked like snow skis ("ski sites"). An October 28, 1943 intelligence report regarding construction at Bois Carré near Yvrench[33] prompted No. 170 Squadron RAF reconnaissance sortie E/463 on November 3 which detected "ski-shaped buildings 240-270 feet long."[34] By November 1943, 72 of the ski sites had been located by Allied reconnaissance,[35] and Operation Crossbow began bombing the original ski sites on December 5, 1943. Nazi Germany subsequently began constructing modified V-1 launch sites with limited structures that could be completed quickly, as necessary. This also allowed the modified sites to be quickly repaired after bombing. The limited work necessary to complete a modified site before launching allowed the Allied photographic interpreters to predict on June 11, 1944, that the V-1 attacks would begin within 48 hours, and the first attacks began on June 13.[35]

Allied attacks

Notable bombings of V-1 facilities during World War II
Site "Noball"
number 		Bombing date Notes
Abbeville/Amiens December 22, 1943 51 aircraft attacked 2 flying-bomb sites between Abbeville and Amiens. One was destroyed, but the other was not located.
Abbeville/Amiens August 28, 1944 The Amiens ("Wemars/Cappel") site was attacked.[22]
Abbeville (Flixecourt) 1943-12-16 December 16/17, 1943 9 Avro Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron RAF (The Dambusters) attacked the "Abbeville site in a wood at Flixecourt" and dropped their 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs accurately on the markers placed by a Oboe-equipped Mosquito. The markers were 350 yards from the target and none of the bombs were within 100 yards of the markers. No aircraft lost.[36]
Abbeville (Tilley-le-Haut) 26 Short Stirlings attacked the "Tilley-le-Haut site near Abbeville" but failed because the Pathfinder markers of the Oboe-equipped de Havilland Mosquito were no closer than 450 yards from the small target. No aircraft lost.[36]
Abbeville (Gorenflos) December 23, 1943 Near Abbeville,[6]: 171  the 401 BG bombed the Gorenflos Noball target.
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher[37] 27 1943-12-22 December 22/23, 1943 The flying bomb site at Ailly was attacked without loss.
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher 27 January 14, 1944[38]
Abbeville (Gorenflos) March 18, 1944
Abbeville (Gorenflos) April 9, 1944[39]
Abbeville (Gorenflos) 1944-04-10 April 10, 1944 The 457 BG bombed the Gorenflos Noball site.[40]
Abbeville (Gorenflos) 1944-06-09 June 9, 1944[13]
Acque 1944-07-19 July 19, 1944 6 RAF Mosquitos on a diversionary raid bombed the Scholven/Buer and Wessling synthetic oil plants, railway junctions at Aulnoye and Revigny and "a flying-bomb launching site at Acque".[citation needed]
Beauvais 1944-04-24 April 24 & 25, 1944 The 397 BG bombed the Beauvoir V-1 site.
Beauvais 1944-05-16 May 16, 1944[verification needed] The Normandy V-1 storage site at Beauvais was bombed.[6]
Beauvais 1944-06-11 June 11, 1944 The 466 BS bombed the Beauvais V-1 storage depot.[13]
Beauvais 1944-06-14 June 14, 15, & 16, 1944 The Beauvais V-1 storage depot was bombed.[citation needed]
Belloy-Sur-Somme 1944-06-06 July 6, 1944 The 487 BG bombed the V-weapon site.
Bois Carré near Yvrench 1944-02-10 February 10, 1944 The 387 BG bombed the "Yorench-Bois Carre [sic] V-1 site"
Bonneton le Faubourg ski site 1943-12-22 December 22/23, 1943 82 aircraft attacked flying bomb sites at Ailly, Bonneton and Bristillerie without loss.
Bonneton le Faubourg ski site 1944-01-14 January 14/15, 1944[38]
Bristillerie 1943-12-22 December 22/23, 1943 82 aircraft attacked flying bomb sites at Ailly, Bonneton and Bristillerie without loss.
Bristillerie 1944-01-04 January 4/5, 1944
Bristillerie 1944-01-14 January 14/15, 1944[38]
Bouillancourt 1944-04-13 April 13, 1944 "Bouillancourt, near le Tréport", was attacked by No. 602 Squadron RAF and No. 132 Squadron RAF.[41]
Brécourt November 11, 1943 The 387th Bombardment Group records indicate Operation Crossbow bombing in Manche of a "Martinvast V-1 site" on 11 November 1943, which may have been Brécourt.[42]
Creil 1944-07-02 July 2, 1944 The Creil storage depot was bombed.[43]
Bois de la Justice 74 1944-02-28 February 28, 1944 447 BG
Bois de la Justice 74 1944-03-13 March 13, 1944 447 BG
Drionville 50 1943-12-24 December 24, 1943 447 BG
Grand Parc 107 1944-01-14 January 14, 1944 447 BG
Grand Parc 107 1944-01-21 January 21, 1944 447 BG
Herbouville 1944-01-27 January 27/28, 1944
Herbouville 1944-01-29 January 29/30, 1944 22 Mosquitos attacked the Herbouville flying-bomb site and Duisburg.
La Briqueterie & Val-des-Joncs 1944-08-02 August 2, 1944 The 487 BG bombed the V-weapon sites.
Laloge Au Pain 1944-07-08 July 8, 1944 The 487 BG bombed the V-weapon site.
Ligercourt [sic] 1944-04-16 April 16, 1944 The "heavily-defended ramp and bunkers at Ligercourt" were bombed in the "forest of Crécy near Abbeville."[37]
Ligescourt 1943-12-05 December 5, 1943 B-26s of the Ninth Air Force attacked three V-1 ski sites near Ligescourt-Bois de St. Saulve,[44] the first No-Ball mission.[45]
Lottinghen 1944-03-13 March 13, 1944 Ninth Air Force: 40 B-26s attacked a "V-weapon site at Lottinghen/Les Grands Bois", France; 37 abort due to bad weather.
Maisoncelle[35][46] 1944-06-01 June 1, 1944[13]
Oisemont Neuville-au-Bois 1944-06-20 June 20, 1944[13]
Oisemont 1944-06-21 June 21, 1944
Oisemont 1944-06-23 June 23, 1944[13]
Oisemont 1944-06-30 June 30, 1944
Oisemont 1944-07-01 July 1, 1944[13]
Söttevast 1944-02-29 February 29/March 1, 1944 1 Mosquito to a "flying-bomb site at Sottevaast [sic]"
Söttevast 1944-03-03 March 3/4, 1944 2 Mosquitos to the "Sottevaast [sic] flying-bomb site"
Söttevast 1944-05-05 May 5, 1944[13]
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier 1944-06-17 June 17, 1944[13]
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier 1944-06-21 June 21, 1944
Saint-Martin-l'Hortier 1944-07-01 July 1, 1944

Notes

  1. ^ A different source[who?] puts the Fallersleben KdF-Stadt V-1 factory in Wolfsburg; Fallersleben become a district of Wolfsburg in 1972. The Allies also bombed the Opel plant at Rüsselsheim in the incorrect belief that it was a V-1 plant.[citation needed]
  2. ^ Ian Bazalgette, one of the pathfinders was awarded a VC for his efforts during the attack

References

Citations
  1. ^ Thompson, H L (1956). "Chapter 11 — Flying Bombs and Rockets". New Zealanders With The Royal Air Force Volume II: European Theatre January 1943–May 1945. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Wellington, New Zealand: R. E. Owen. p. 333. Retrieved February 16, 2019 – via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection.
  2. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 40.
  3. ^ Cooksley 1979, pp. 133, 135.
  4. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 27.
  5. ^ Holm, Michael (2006). "Flak-Regiment 155 (W)". The Luftwaffe, 1933–45. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Henshall, Philip (1985). Hitler's Rocket Sites. New York: St Martin's Press. pp. 143, 152, 187, 209. ISBN 978-0-312-38822-5.
  7. ^ Jones (1978), p. 300e, 352, 373.
  8. ^ Aroneanu, Eugène; Whissen, Thomas (1996). Inside the Concentration Camps. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-275-95446-8. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  9. ^ "David P. Boder Interviews Ludwig Hamburger; August 26, 1946; Genève, Switzerland". Voices of the Holocaust. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  10. ^ "David P. Boder Interviews Jacob Schwarzfitter; August 31, 1946; Tradate, Italy". Voices of the Holocaust. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  11. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 126.
  12. ^ "The 446th Bomb Group (H) Missions". Web-birds.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "466 Squadron Missions". 462 and 466 Squadrons. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces: June 1944". The United States Army Air Forces in World War II. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  15. ^ "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces: July 1944". The United States Army Air Forces in World War II. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  16. ^ "Missions Flown by the 453rd BG". 453rd Bomb Group (H). Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  17. ^ a b Jones (1978), p. 246.
  18. ^ a b c "Bomber Command Campaign Diary: July 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. Archived from the original on July 6, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  19. ^ "Investigations of the "Heavy Crossbow" installations in Northern France". The Papers of Lord Duncan-Sandys. Churchill Archives Centre. February 1945. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  20. ^ Ordway, Frederick I. III; Sharpe, Mitchell R. (1979). The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-690-01656-7.
  21. ^ Irving, David (1964). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. pp. 168, 220, 245, 246.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Bomber Command Campaign Diary: August 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  23. ^ Stooke, Gordon. "What Happened To Your 460 Sqd. Lancaster?". 460 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, Bomber Command. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  24. ^ "Mission Details, 4 August 1944". 156 Squadron RAF. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  25. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 35.
  26. ^ Cooksley 1979, pp. 29, 35.
  27. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 34.
  28. ^ Cooksley 1979, pp. 30, 34, 35.
  29. ^ Cooksley 1979, pp. 31, 37.
  30. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 30,33,35,64d.
  31. ^ a b Cooksley 1979, pp. 32, 35.
  32. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 48,80,82,100.
  33. ^ Jones (1978), p. 300e.
  34. ^ Jones (1978), p. 360.
  35. ^ a b c Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962). The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 184.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ a b "Bomber Command Campaign Diary: December 1943". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. 6 April 2005. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  37. ^ a b Cooksley 1979, p. 49.
  38. ^ a b c "Bomber Command Campaign Diary: January 1944". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  39. ^ "No. 438 Squadron" (PDF). Manitoba Military Aviation Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2012.
  40. ^ "Comrades Killed in Action". 457th Bomb Group Association. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  41. ^ Cooksley 1979, p. 48.
  42. ^ "Combat Missions". 387th Bombardment Group (Medium). Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  43. ^ "Code Named "Aphrodite"". Edenbridge in the Past. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  44. ^ "387th Bombardment Group (Medium)". 387bg.com. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  45. ^ "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces: December 1943". The United States Army Air Forces in World War II. Archived from the original on October 7, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  46. ^ Bauer, Eddy (1966) [1972]. Illustrated World War II Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. H. S. Stuttman Inc. pp. 2059, 2068]. ISBN 0-87475-520-4.
Bibliography

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