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((for|the shaft which transmits motion from the outside to the inside of a valve|Valve#Stem))
((Refimprove|date=August 2009))
((short description|Type of valve))
[[File:ImageerMedia-70.jpg|thumb|Replacing a valve stem.]]
A '''valve stem''' is a self-contained [[valve]] that opens to admit gas to a chamber (such as air to inflate a [[tire]]),<ref>((Cite journal |last=García-Ramírez |first=Yasmany |date=2022 |title=Real Driving on Under-inflated Rear Tire on Horizontal Curves: A Road Experimental Study |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011056900003191 |journal=Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems |publisher=SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications |doi=10.5220/0011056900003191|doi-access=free ))</ref> and is then automatically closed and kept sealed by the [[pressure]] in the chamber, or a [[spring (device)|spring]],<ref>((Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Pressure |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781682661031 |journal=Pressure |doi=10.5040/9781682661031))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Tools for pressing. Spring plungers with helicoidal compression steel spring or gas spring |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/30338766 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards))</ref> or both, to prevent the gas from escaping.<ref>((Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards))</ref>

There are many types of valves, and they are most commonly used on [[Tire|automobile]], [[Motorcycle tire|motorcycle]], and [[bicycle tire]]s, but also for many other applications. The most common type is the [[Schrader valve]], but some [[road bicycle]]s with skinny tires instead use the [[Presta valve]].<ref>((Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Handmade Automobiles |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350904057 |journal=Handmade Automobiles |doi=10.5040/9781350904057))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Motorcycle Headlamps |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/j584_202002 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=SAE International))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |date=1896-08-01 |title=The Repair of Single Tube Bicycle Tires |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125 |journal=Scientific American |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125 |issn=0036-8733))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards))</ref>

==Schrader==
[[Image:Schrader-ventil.jpg|thumb|right|50px|Schrader valve stem]]
((Main|Schrader valve))

Schrader valves consist of a valve stem into which a [[poppet valve]] is threaded with a spring attached. They are used on virtually all automobile and motorbike tires and on wider-rimmed bicycle tires. In addition to tires, Schrader valves of varying diameters are used in [[refrigeration]] and [[Air conditioning|air conditioning systems]], [[plumbing]], [[Fuel injection|engine fuel injection]], [[Car suspension|suspension systems]], and SCUBA [[Diving regulator|regulator]]s, allowing the user to remove and attach a hose while in use. The Schrader valves in the fuel injector rail of many automobiles are used as a quick and easy point to check fuel pressure or connect an injector cleaner cartridge.<ref name="Sloane1991">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90ume00drmsC&pg=PA313|title=Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles|author=Eugene A. Sloane|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1991|isbn=978-0-671-67587-5|pages=313–))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=poppet valve, n. |date=2023-03-02 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/1063025456 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press))</ref><ref>((Citation |last=Karmakar |first=Sibdas |title=Diameters and Conjugate Diameters |date=2022-02-16 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293248-7 |work=Analytical Geometry: Two Dimensions |pages=273–300 |access-date=2023-09-25 |place=London |publisher=CRC Press |last2=Karmakar))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Air conditioning system cost |date=2014-05-09 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315794068-23 |work=Air Conditioning |pages=367–373 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-79406-8))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Pressure regulators for use with medical gases |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02670016u |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Unit 1 Welcome to Plumbing |date=2007-08-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080550053-6 |work=Plumbing |pages=13–32 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-08-055005-3))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/j1223_201208 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=SAE International))</ref><ref>((Citation |last=Bauer |first=Wolfgang |title=Suspension Systems Basics |date=2021-10-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63772-2_1 |work=Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems |pages=1–22 |access-date=2023-09-25 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-63771-5))</ref>

==Presta==
[[Image:Presta valve close.jpg|thumb|right|50px|Presta valve stem]]
((Main|Presta valve))

Presta valves (also called Sclaverand valves or French valves) are normally only used on bicycles. The stem has a narrower diameter (nominally 6&nbsp;mm) than the thinnest (nominally 8&nbsp;mm) Schrader type, and so the bore of the hole in the rim through which the stem passes can be smaller.
Has a locknut that needs to be opened to inflate/deflate.<ref name="Wiggins2014">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oruUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|title=Bike Repair and Maintenance|author=Christopher Wiggins|date=5 June 2014|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-61564-511-4|pages=16–))</ref><ref>((Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards))</ref>

==Dunlop (or Woods)==
[[Image:Dunlop valve.jpg|thumb|right|50px|Dunlop (or Woods) valve stem]]
((Main|Dunlop valve))

Dunlop valves (also called Woods valves or English valves) were the dominating bicycle valves in the European region and many other countries.
As of 2021, Presta valves are just as common in these regions. Dunlop valves are still widely used especially on low to medium-priced bicycles (city and trekking bikes).<ref>((Citation |title=Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710 |access-date=2023-09-25 |publisher=BSI British Standards))</ref>
They can be pumped up with a Presta [[bicycle pump]].<ref>[http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_w.html#woods Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary]</ref>

==Regina==
[[Image:Valve Regina avec son bouchon.jpg|thumb|right|50px|Regina Valve stem]]
The "Regina Valve" is very similar to the Presta and mostly used in Italy.<ref>((cite web |title=Fahrradventil |url=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrradventil#Reginaventil |website=Wikipedia DE |access-date=27 March 2023))</ref>((Circular reference|date=April 2023)) The central threaded pin is so short that it does not protrude from the valve tube and therefore cannot be bent. In order to close the valve tightly, a small, loose nut is placed on this threaded rod with a diameter of only around 1.5 mm and screwed on by hand. A threaded rod is enough. By tightening the nut, the valve disc with the conical sealing body is pressed against the valve seat. 

Rim drilling:⌀ 6.5 mm

Thread DIN 7756
• outside VG 6×32
•outside VG 5.2×24 at the upper end

Maximum pressure 15 bars.

==Others==

Many other valves are used only in certain regions or for limited purposes.

Invisible tire valves are different in design from traditional tire valves. An inflator stem is not used; instead, a removable cap on a valve stem embedded in the tire rim is fitted, with only the cap visible. When inflating the tire, the cap is first removed, typically with a coin, and then a "portable" dedicated inflator stem is screwed onto the valve stem. Through the inflator, the tire is inflated as usual.

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_u-v.html#valve summary of bicycle valve types] by [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040908231241/http://www.geocities.com/cyqlist/valve.html common types of valves used for bicycles]
*[https://www.quickpressure.com/advantages-of-tire-monitoring-valve-cap/ advantages Of tire monitoring valve cap]

((Tires|state=collapsed))
((Bike equipment))

[[Category:Tires]]
[[Category:Valves]]
[[Category:Bicycle parts]]

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