Varian Fry
Born
Varian Mackey Fry

(1907-10-15)October 15, 1907
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedSeptember 13, 1967(1967-09-13) (aged 59)
Redding, Connecticut, U.S.
Resting placeGreen-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York[1]
40°39′23.35″N 73°59′41.67″W / 40.6564861°N 73.9949083°W / 40.6564861; -73.9949083
Alma materHarvard University
OccupationJournalist
Known forEmergency Rescue Committee

Varian Mackey Fry (October 15, 1907 – September 13, 1967) was an American journalist. Fry ran a rescue network in Vichy France that helped 2,000 to 4,000 anti-Nazi and Jewish refugees to escape Nazi Germany and the Holocaust.[2] He was the first of five Americans to be recognized as "Righteous Among the Nations", an honorific given by the State of Israel to non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.

Early life

Righteous
Among the Nations
By country
Fry as a child

Fry was born in New York City. His parents were Lillian (Mackey) and Arthur Fry, a manager of the Wall Street firm Carlysle and Mellick.[3] The family moved to Ridgewood, New Jersey, in 1910. He grew up in Ridgewood and enjoyed bird-watching and reading. During World War I, at 9 years of age, Fry and friends conducted a fund-raising bazaar for the American Red Cross that included a vaudeville show, an ice cream stand and fish pond. He was educated at Hotchkiss School from 1922 to 1924, when he left the school due to hazing rituals. He then attended the Riverdale Country School, graduating in 1926.[4]

An able and multilingual student, Fry scored in the top 10% of the Harvard University[4] entrance exams. In 1927, as a Harvard undergraduate, he founded Hound & Horn, an influential literary quarterly, in collaboration with Lincoln Kirstein. He was suspended for a prank just before graduation and had to repeat his senior year.[5][6] Through Kirstein's sister, Mina, he met his future wife, Eileen Avery Hughes, an editor of Atlantic Monthly, who was seven years his senior and had been educated at Roedean School and Oxford University. Although Fry was a closeted homosexual, according to his son James,[7] they married on 2 June 1931.[6]

Journalist

While working as a foreign correspondent for the American journal The Living Age, Fry visited Berlin in 1935, and personally witnessed Nazi abuse against Jews on more than one occasion, which "turned him into an ardent anti-Nazi". He said in 1945, "I could not remain idle as long as I had any chances at all of saving even a few of its intended victims."[5][8]

Following his visit to Berlin, in 1935 Fry wrote about the savage treatment of Jews by Hitler's regime in The New York Times. He wrote books about foreign affairs for Headline Books, owned by the Foreign Policy Association, including The Peace that Failed.[9][10] It describes the troubled political climate following World War I, the break-up of Czechoslovakia and the events leading up to World War II.[11]

Emergency Rescue Committee

Memorial plaque in Berlin

Greatly disturbed by what he saw, Fry helped raise money to support European anti-Nazi movements. Shortly after the invasion of France in June 1940, which the Germans quickly occupied, Fry and friends formed the Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC) in New York City,[2] with support of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and others.

By August 1940, Fry was in Marseille representing the ERC[12] in an effort to help persons seeking to flee the Nazis.[13][14] They worked to circumvent bureaucratic processes set up by French authorities, who would not issue exit visas.[5] Fry had $3,000 and a short list of refugees, mostly German Jews, under imminent threat of arrest by agents of the Gestapo. Other Anti-Nazi writers, avant-garde artists, musicians, and hundreds of others came to him, desperately seeking any chance to escape France.[15]

Some historians later noted it was a miracle that a white American Protestant would risk everything to help the Jews.[16]

Beginning in 1940, in Marseille, despite the watchful eye of the collaborationist Vichy regime,[17] Fry and a small group of volunteers hid people at the Villa Air-Bel until they could be smuggled out.[2] More than 2,200 people were taken across the border to Spain and then to the safety of neutral Portugal from which they took ships to the United States.[18][19]

Fry and Miriam Davenport, c. 1940

Fry helped other exiles escape on ships leaving Marseille for the French Caribbean colony of Martinique, from where they could also go to the United States.[20]

Among Fry's closest associates were Americans Miriam Davenport, a former art student at the Sorbonne, and Chicago heiress Mary Jayne Gold, a lover of the arts and the "good life" who had come to Paris in the early 1930s.[21][22][2]

When the Nazis seized France in 1940, Gold went to Marseille, where she worked with Fry and helped finance his operation. Also working with Fry was a young German Jewish academic named Albert O. Hirschman.[21][22]

Letter to his wife Eileen, February 1941

Among the people who have come into my office, or with whom I am in constant correspondence, are not only some of the greatest living authors, painters, sculptors of Europe . . . but also former cabinet ministers and even prime ministers of half a dozen countries. What a strange place Europe is when men like this are reduced to waiting patiently in the anteroom of a young American of no importance whatever.

Varian Fry[23]

Especially instrumental in getting Fry the visas he needed for the artists, intellectuals and political dissidents on his list, was Hiram Bingham IV, an American Vice Consul in Marseille who fought against anti-Semitism in the State Department. He was personally responsible for issuing thousands of visas, both legal and illegal.[5][17][24][25] He was also helped in his mission by Alfred Barr, Director of the Museum of Modern Art, and his wife Margaret Scolari Barr, an art historian also working at the MoMA.[26]

From his isolated position in Marseille, Fry relied on the Unitarian Service Committee in Lisbon to help the refugees he sent.[27] This office, staffed by American Unitarians under the direction of Robert Dexter, helped refugees to wait in safety for visas and other necessary papers, and to gain passage by sea from Lisbon.[28]

Fry was forced to leave France in September 1941 after officials of both the Vichy government and of the United States State Department had become angered by his covert activities. He then spent more than a month in Lisbon before returning to the United States in October.[5][29]

In 1942, the Emergency Rescue Committee and the American branch of the European-based International Relief Association joined forces under the name the International Relief and Rescue Committee, which was later shortened to the International Rescue Committee (IRC). The IRC has continued as a leading nonsectarian, nongovernmental international relief and development organization that still operates today.

Refugees aided by Fry

Among those aided by Fry were:[30]

Back in the United States

There are some things so horrible that decent men and women find them impossible to believe, so monstrous that the civilized world recoils incredulous before them. The recent reports of the systematic extermination of the Jews in Nazi Europe are of this order... we can offer asylum now, without delay or red tape, to those few fortunate enough to escape from the Aryan paradise. There have been bureaucratic delays in visa procedure which have literally condemned to death many stalwart democrats... This is a challenge which we cannot, must not, ignore.

Fry, Varian. "The Massacre of Jews in Europe." The New Republic, 1942.[31]

Fry wrote and spoke critically against U.S. immigration policies particularly relating to the fate of Jews in Europe. In a December 1942 issue of The New Republic, he wrote a scathing article titled: "The Massacre of Jews in Europe".[31]

Although by 1942 Fry had been terminated from his position at the Emergency Rescue Committee, American private rescuers acknowledged that his program in France had been uniquely effective, and recruited him in 1944 to provide behind-the-scenes guidance to the Roosevelt administration's late-breaking rescue program, the War Refugee Board.[28]

Fry published a book in 1945 about his time in France under the title Surrender on Demand, first published by Random House, 1945. (Its title refers to the 1940 French-German armistice clause requiring France to hand over to German authorities any refugee from "Greater Germany" the Gestapo might identify, a requirement Fry routinely violated.) A later edition was published by Johnson Books, in 1997, in conjunction with the U.S. Holocaust Museum. In 1968, the US publisher Scholastic (which markets mainly to children and adolescents) published a paperback edition under the title Assignment: Rescue.[29]

After the war, Fry worked as a journalist, magazine editor and business writer. He also taught college and was in film production. Feeling as if he had lived the peak of his life in France,[2] he developed ulcers. Fry went into psychoanalysis and said that "as time went on, he grew more and more troubled."

Fry and his wife Eileen divorced after he returned from France. She developed cancer and died on May 12, 1948. During her hospital convalescence, Fry visited her and read to her daily. At the end of 1948 or early 1949, Fry met Annette Riley, who was 16 years his junior. They married in 1950, had three children together, but were separated in 1966, possibly owing to his irrational behavior, believed to have been a result of manic depression.[32]

Fry died of a cerebral hemorrhage and was found dead in his bed on September 13, 1967, by the Connecticut State Police.[5] He was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York with his parents.[1]

Fry's papers are held in Columbia University's Rare Book and Manuscript Library.[33]

Published works

Author
Co-author

Legacy

Varian Fry Street, Berlin
Place Varian Fry in Marseille

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Burial search on Varian Fry." Archived February 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York. Retrieved: February 9, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e Wilson, Matthew (April 3, 2023). "The man behind a covert WW2 operation". BBC Culture. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  3. ^ "Fry, Varian (1907-1967), editor, journalist, and teacher". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Ridgewood Son: Varian Fry (1907-1967)." Archived March 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Ridgewood Library. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Gewen, Barry. "For the American Schindler, writers and artists first." Archived January 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Literature of the Holocaust, August 6, 2004. Retrieved: March 25, 2016
  6. ^ a b Marino 1999, pp. 19-20.
  7. ^ Cohen, Roger (April 1, 2023). "In 'Transatlantic,' Stories of Rescue and Resistance From World War II". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  8. ^ Paldiel 2011, p. PT83.
  9. ^ a b "House Resolution 743, 2007 - Honoring Varian Fry on the 100th anniversary of his birth." Archived February 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine House of Representatives, United States. Retrieved: February 9, 2014.
  10. ^ Fry, Varian. The Peace that Failed: How Europe Sowed the Seeds of War. The Foreign Policy Association, 1939.
  11. ^ "Varian Fry - Bibliography." Archived February 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  12. ^ "Emergency Rescue Committee". www2.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  13. ^ Renaud, Terence. "The Genesis of the Emergency Rescue Committee." Archived August 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, terencerenaud.com, 2005. Retrieved: March 24, 2016.
  14. ^ Renaud, Terence. "Karl B. Frank and the Politics of the Emergency Rescue Committee." Archived August 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine terencerenaud.com, 2008. Retrieved: March 24, 2016.
  15. ^ Kassof, Anita. "A resource guide for teachers: Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee." Archived December 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Teacher Resource Center, 2015. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  16. ^ Isenberg 2005, p. 36.
  17. ^ a b Brown, Nancy. "No longer a haven: Varian Fry and the refugees of France." Archived September 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Yad Vashem: The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, October 13, 1999. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  18. ^ Watson 2010, p. PT556.
  19. ^ Subak 2010, pp. 62, 130, 166.
  20. ^ Subak 2010, p. 91.
  21. ^ a b Moulin 2007, p. 174.
  22. ^ a b Riding, Alan. "Mary Jayne Gold, 88, heiress who helped artists flee Nazis." Archived October 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. October 8, 1997. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  23. ^ Roth and Maxwell 2001, p. 347.
  24. ^ Riding 2010, p. PT106.
  25. ^ Schwertfeger 2012, p. 64.
  26. ^ "MoMA | In Search of MoMA's "Lost" History: Uncovering Efforts to Rescue Artists and Their Patrons". www.moma.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  27. ^ Horn, Dara. "The Rescuer." Archived January 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Tablet Magazine, January 17, 2012. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  28. ^ a b Subak 2010, pp. 59, 103, 112, 148, 229–230.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Varian Fry." Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, January 29, 2016. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  30. ^ "Some of the 2,000 people assisted by Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee." Archived December 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Varian Fry Institute, February 12, 2008. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  31. ^ a b Paldiel 2011, p. PT94.
  32. ^ Isenberg 2005, pp. 116, 251–252, 271.
  33. ^ "Varian Fry Papers." Archived September 20, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Rare Book and Manuscript Library: Columbia University. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  34. ^ Gold 1980, p. 1.
  35. ^ a b Boroson, Rebecca Kaplan. "Catherine Taub: 'A hometown hero'." Archived February 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Jewish Standard. June 7, 2013. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  36. ^ "Varian Fry: The Americas' Schindler (1997)." Archived February 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine IMDb. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  37. ^ Mattern 2001, p. 181.
  38. ^ "History." Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Consulate General of the United States, Marseille, France. Retrieved: February 8, 2014.
  39. ^ "Worlds of Jewish France." Archived February 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Matterhorn Travel. Retrieved: January 9, 2014.
  40. ^ Ozick, Cynthia (May 2, 2019). "Cynthia Ozick Reviews Julie Orringer's 'The Flight Portfolio'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019.

Bibliography

  • Gold, Mary Jayne. Crossroads Marseilles, 1940. New York: Doubleday, 1980. ISBN 978-0-385-15618-9.
  • Grunwald-Spier, Agnes. The Other Schindlers: Why Some People Chose to Save Jews in the Holocaust. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7524-5706-2.
  • Isenberg, Sheila. A Hero of Our Own: The Story of Varian Fry. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, 2005. ISBN 978-0-595-34882-4.
  • McCabe, Cynthia Jaffee. "Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America – Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee", pp. 79–91 in Jackman, Jarrell C. and Carla M. Borden, eds. The Musses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation 1930-1945. Washington, D.C.: (Smithsonian, 1983.
  • Marino, Andy. A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-3122-0356-6.
  • Mattern, Joanne. Life Stories of 100 American Heroes. Vancouver: KidsBooks, 2001. ISBN 978-1-56156-978-6.
  • Mauthner, Martin. German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940. London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007, ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4.
  • McClafferty, Carla Killough. In Defiance of Hitler: The Secret Mission of Varian Fry. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR), 2008. ISBN 978-0-374-38204-9.
  • Moulin, Pierre. Dachau, Holocaust, and US Samurais: Nisei Soldiers First in Dachau?. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4259-3801-7.
  • Paldiel, Mordecai. Saving the Jews: Men and Women who Defied the Final Solution. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publications, 2011. ISBN 978-1-58979-734-5.
  • Richards, Tad. The Virgil Directive. New York: Fawcett, 1982. ISBN 978-0-4450-4689-4.
  • Riding, Alan. And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-occupied Paris. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-59454-9.
  • Roth, John K. and Elisabeth Maxwell. Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide. London: Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 978-0-333-80486-5.
  • Schwertfeger, Ruth. In Transit: Narratives of German Jews in Exile, Flight, and Internment During 'The Dark Years' of France. Berlin, Germany: Frank & Timme GmbH, 2012. ISBN 978-3-86596-384-0.
  • Sogos, Giorgia. "Varian Fry: „Der Engel von Marseille“. Von der Legalität in die Illegalität und zur Rehabilitierung", in Gabriele Anderl, Simon Usaty (Hrsg.). "Schleppen, schleusen, helfen. Flucht zwischen Rettung und Ausbeutung". Wien: Mandelbaum,2016, S. 209–220, ISBN 978-3-85476-482-3.
  • Strempel, Rüdiger, Letzter Halt Marseille - Varian Fry und das Emergency Rescue Committee, in Clasen, Winrich C.-W./Schneemelcher, W. Peter, eds, Mittelmeerpassagen, Rheinbach 2018, ISBN 978-3-87062-307-4
  • Strempel, Rüdiger, Varian Fry: Der Amerikaner, der Europas Künstler rettete / The American Who Rescued Europe's Artists (German-English) CMZ Verlag, Rheinbach 2023 ISBN 978-3-87062-364-7
  • Subak, Susan Elisabeth. Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers Who Defied the Nazis. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8032-2525-1.
  • Sullivan, Rosemary. Villa Air-Bel. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-0607-3251-6.
  • Watson, Peter. The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution and the Twentieth Century. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 978-0-85720-324-3.

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