Venezuelan literature is the literature written by Venezuelans or in Venezuela, ranging from indigenous pre-Hispanic myths to oral or written works in Spanish or other languages. The origins of Venezuelan written literature are usually held to date back to the documents written by the first Spanish colonizers, its date of birth being sometimes set at August 31, 1498, when Christopher Columbus called the Venezuelan territory in his Diaries "Tierra de gracia" ("Land of Grace").

History

Colonial period

Literature written in Venezuelan territory began to develop at the time of the Conquest of America with the Chronicles of the Indies and later with the first autograph texts by colonial authors. Literary activity was constant throughout the colonial period, but due to the late introduction of the printing press in the region, few works have survived to the present day. Between 1563 and 1564, Pedro de la Cadena wrote his epic poem Los actos y hazañas valerosas del capitán Diego Hernández de Serpa, which is the first written work of literature with a Venezuelan theme and possibly the earliest poem written in the Americas in a European language.^[1][2][3] De la Cadena and other Spanish authors who set the action of their poems on Cubagua island, like Juan de Castellanos (author of the Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias) or Jorge de Herrera, were known at the time as the "poets of Cubagua".

Some chroniclers of the Indies who never set foot on Venezuela are nevertheless considered part of the history of its literature due to the fact that they recounted episodes of local history such as the founding and destruction of Nueva Cádiz, the pearl trade of Cubagua and Margarita, or the process of colonisation. Among these were Bartolomé de las Casas (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552), Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (Historia general y natural de las Indias, 1535, and Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias, 1526) Francisco López de Gómara (Historia general de las Indias, 1552), and Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada, 1539).^[4] Later chroniclers who did inhabit the territory include Pedro Simón, who in 1626 published Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales, on the conquest of the present territories of Venezuela and Colombia, and Jacinto de Carvajal, whose Relación del descubrimiento del río Apure hasta su ingreso en el Orinoco, or Jornadas náuticas (1648), records the first catalogue of indigenous peoples of Venezuela (a list of 105 nations, some of which remain unknown) as well as the first case of plagiarism committed in the region.^[3][5]

Venezuelan colonial culture developed considerably in the eighteenth century. The panegyric Lágrimas amorosas, by Nicolás Herrera y Ascanio, priest at the Caracas Cathedral, was published in Mexico in 1707. In 1723, José de Oviedo y Baños completed his Historia de la conquista y población de la Provincia de Venezuela.^[6] In 1732, the Venezuelan priest José Mijares de Solórzano had the three volumes of his Sermones magistrales published in Madrid.^[7] Joseph Gumilla published El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido and Historia natural, civil y geográfica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del río Orinoco, two important contributions to the historiography of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela, in 1745 and 1791 respectively.^[8][9] Of the works of the extremely prolific writer Juan Antonio Navarrete (1749-1814), Franciscan friar and supporter of independence, only three have survived: the Novena de Santa Efigenia, the Cursus Philosophicus Iuxtamiram, and the Arca de letras y Teatro universal.^[10] The latter, probably written between 1783 and 1813-1814, is a monumental work with an extremely complex structure that compiles with great erudition and lexicographical skill much of the knowledge available at the time.^[11] The late eighteenth century also saw the publication of the best known Venezuelan prose works from the colonial period, the Diaries of Francisco de Miranda (1771-1792). Miranda also authored several texts recounting his participation in the French Revolution, as well as his negotiations with the governments of England, France and the United States of America to seek support for the independence of Spanish America. Finally, it was in the late colonial period that the first known Venezuelan woman writer, the Carmelite nun Sor María Josefa de los Ángeles (1765-1818?) published her work. Most of her poetry, marked by an intense mystical sentiment inspired by Saint Teresa of Ávila, was lost during the War of Independence.^[12][13][14] However, two of her texts, Anhelo ("Yearning") and Terremoto ("Earthquake"), have made it to the present day.^[15][16]

19th century

The arrival of the printing press in Caracas in 1808, on the eve of independence, led to the emergence of several newspapers, most notably Correo de la Trinidad Española, Gazeta de Caracas and Correo del Orinoco, as well as of its first major authors, Andrés Bello and Rafael María Baralt. Works from this period address issues such as the War of Independence (e.g., Eduardo Blanco's 1881 Venezuela Heroica) and the political conflicts between conservatives and liberals. Novels, short stories, and plays were written in the mid-nineteenth century by authors such as Fermín Toro, Julio Calcaño, Eduardo Blanco, Zulima, Juan Vicente Camacho, and Tomás Michelena, and the end of the century saw the local emergence of international literary movements such as modernismo, cosmopolitismo, and criollismo.

20th century

In the 20th century, with the modernization and urbanization of Venezuela thanks to the economic boom provided by petroleum, some of its finest writers were: Teresa de la Parra, Rómulo Gallegos, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Salvador Garmendia. Gallegos' Doña Bárbara (1929) was described in 1974 as "possibly the most widely known Latin American novel".^[17] The National Prize for Literature, awarded annually, was established in 1948, with Uslar Pietri the only writer to win twice in the first five decades.

Rafael Cadenas and Eugenio Montejo are among the best known poets of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.

21st century

At the start of the 21st century, Venezuelan fiction boomed with major new works by Federico Vegas, Francisco Suniaga, Ana Teresa Torres and Slavko Župčić. According to critic and journalist Boris Muñoz, Venezuelan fiction has "opened up to find a bigger audience, through noir novels, historical novels, without renouncing its own Venezuelan idiosyncrasies".^[18] With the Venezuelan refugee crisis in the 2010s, migration has become a predominant topic in Venezuelan literature.^[19][20] Many Venezuelan writers live and publish outside the country, notably in Spain, the United States and other parts of Latin America.^[21]