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((Short description|Verbal Self Defense))
((refimprove|date=February 2012))

'''Verbal self-defense''' or '''verbal aikido''' is the art of using one's words to prevent, [[De-escalation|de-escalate]], or end an attempted assault.<ref>((cite book | author = Mattingly, Katy | title= Self-Defense: Steps to Survival | year= 2007 | isbn= 9780736066891 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwOxP18guFgC&q=%22Verbal+Self+Defense%22+define&pg=PA23  | access-date= July 28, 2010))</ref>

It is a way of using words to maintain mental and emotional safety. This kind of "conflict management" involves using posture and body language, tone of voice, and choice of words as a means for calming a potentially volatile situation before it can manifest into physical violence. This often involves techniques such as taking a [[Child time-out|time-out]], deflecting the conversation to less argumentative topics, and/or redirecting the conversation to other individuals in the group who are less passionately involved.

==Overview==
Verbal self-defense experts have widely varying definitions of what it is and how it is applied. These include everything from a person simply saying no to someone else or repeatedly refusing a request to telling someone who has violated a personal boundary what he/she ought to know. It could even entail a more complicated scenario in which a person is called on to refuse to engage verbally with someone [[psychological manipulation|manipulative]], to set limits, and to end the conversation.<ref>((cite book | author = Mattingly, Katy | title= Self-Defense: Steps to Survival | year= 2007 | isbn= 9780736066891 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwOxP18guFgC&q=%22Verbal+Self+Defense%22+define&pg=PA23 | access-date= July 28, 2010))</ref>

In any definition it is always agreed that verbal self-defense is necessary as a means of enforcing [[personal boundaries]] and limits. Part of learning these skills includes learning how to identify communication triggers which cause a person to experience negative feelings and, in some cases, what those triggers represent with regards to what personal values the other person are violating.

The abusive types of communication that verbal self-defense is designed to acknowledge and deal with also vary greatly. This includes indirect forms of [[abuse]] such as backhanded comments, and backstabbing or two-faced behaviors. As well, verbal self-defense is meant to address more commonly recognized forms of abuse such as yelling, belittling, and name calling. Going beyond verbal attacks, abusive behaviors also recognized in the field of verbal self-defense are aggressive posturing (taking a threatening posture or making a threatening gesture), physically interfering with personal belongings, and inappropriately intruding on one's personal space.

==Key components==
Most experts who write and publish articles and books on the subject of verbal self-defense identify several key elements to strong verbal self-defense skills.

* Being able to identify people, situations, and/or behaviors that induce hurtful feelings((snd)) such as fear, inadequacy, and shame((snd)) is important in order to know when a person needs to apply verbal tactics of defense.
* Controlling how a person responds to conflict, both mentally and emotionally, is key to applying verbal defense skills efficiently and appropriately.
* Having a general knowledge of what to say in advance offers a significant advantage for anyone using verbal self-defense. Some authors have even gone so far as to provide actual statements for people to use as a way to deal with verbally aggressive communicators.<ref>((cite book|last=Archer|first=Luke A|title=Verbal Aikido - Green Belt|year=2013|publisher=Createspace|location=USA|isbn=9781478198079|pages=101–106|url=http://www.verbal-aikido.com))</ref>

==Controversy==
Authors and professional instructors offering seminars and workshops have differing views with regard to whether or not verbal self-defense is a form of "[[persuasion]]" and if "consequences" for the attacker should be considered a key component.

===Persuasion vs. self-defense===
In the field of verbal self-defense, the one element not entirely agreed upon is the concept that verbal defense tactics include the art of persuasion. Several authors clearly proclaim that verbal self-defense is designed as a means for persuading others; however, more recent books on the subject have denounced this commonly accepted fact.

The newer definition of verbal self-defense divides persuasion into a category of its own and states that verbal defense tactics should be more in line with the concept of physical self-defense. This idea, taken from ideologies of martial arts, puts forth the belief that verbal self-defense should only be used with respect to maintaining one's mental and emotional well-being. The position regarding self-protection in a verbal conflict and the further intention to protect the verbal assailant is posited in verbal aikido, which aims at proposing a balanced or collaborative result wherein the attacker may save face.<ref>((Cite book |title=Verbal Aikido: The art of directing verbal attacks to a balanced outcome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h20TmwEACAAJ&q=1478198079 |access-date=2013-06-11 |isbn=978-1-47819-807-9 |author1=Archer, Luke A. |year=2013))</ref>

===Consequences===
The requirement for having a means to enforce "consequences" on people as a pre-requisite for effective verbal self-defense still remains questionable. Almost every author on the subject includes ways of handling non-physical aggression without having any repercussions for the attacker in the event the conflict is not solved amicably.

With specific regard to verbal self-defense in schools the concept of having consequences for bullying is considered by some to be key, where others are less focused on punishment and choose, instead, to put more emphasis on dealing with the aggressor in more positive ways.<ref>((cite web |title=Marcia Frid: I Like You, I Like Me, Too! |url=http://www.marciafrid.com/ |access-date= July 28, 2010))</ref> Although this topic has only recently begun being addressed by experts in this field it remains to be seen to what degree the importance of consequences will have in handling interpersonal conflicts using verbal self-defense.<ref>((cite web |title=Verbal Defense Tactics: Cyber-Bullies Are Above the Law |url=http://verbaldefensetactics.com/2010/08/cyber-bullies-are-above-the-law/ |access-date= July 28, 2010))</ref>

==Common approaches==
Leading authors in the area of verbal self-defense and [[defensive communication]] styles offer several different techniques for defusing potentially volatile and/or abusive situations of conflict.

===Avoidance===
Being aware of situations that will likely lead to verbal conflict or abuse and making an effort to avoid them.

===Withdrawing===
Once engaged in an argument, situation of conflict, or when being verbally attacked, making an excuse and exiting the area.

===Deflecting===
Changing topic or focus on the interaction as a means of avoiding any disagreement or negative reaction on the part of the aggressor.

===Compromise===
Openly offering ideas and seeking ways to placate the attacker and/or their reasons for the abusive communication.

===Verbal aikido===
A means of communication that is based on the aikido philosophy and martial way, created and propagated by [[Morihei Ueshiba]] during the 20th century. It is a style of [[conflict management]] and resolution that involves treating the "attacker" as a partner rather than an adversary. The techniques practiced by aikidoka aim at restoring a balanced [[Interpersonal relationship|interpersonal dynamic]] and/or reaching a positive emotional result in an [[Conversation|exchange]].<ref>Pace & Kyeli Smith [http://usualerror.com/e-book/verbal-aikido/] ''The usual error'' Ch.28 - Verbal Aikido (2008)</ref>

In a common teaching of this communication style, developed by Luke Archer,<ref>[http://www.verbal-aikido.com Verbal Aikdio website]</ref> the approach is simplified into three steps:<ref>[http://www.verbal-aikido.com/articles-and-exercises/managing-conflict-with-the-three-steps/ Managing conflict with the Three Steps]</ref>
# Receiving the attack with an "inner smile"<ref>[http://www.verbal-aikido.com/articles-and-exercises/so-whats-this-inner-smile-about-anyway/ What's this Inner Smile about anyway?]</ref> (a serene inner confidence)
# Accompanying the attacker with verbal ''[[Irimi]]'' until destabilization<ref>((cite book|last=Archer|first=Luke A.|title=Verbal Aikido - The art of directing verbal attacks to a balanced outcome|year=2013|publisher=Createspace|location=USA|isbn=9781478198079|pages=35–50))</ref>
# Proposing ''Ai-ki'' (an energy balance)<ref>((cite book|last=Archer|first=Luke A.|title=Verbal Aikido - The art of directing verbal attacks to a balanced outcome|year=2013|publisher=Createspace|location=USA|isbn=9781478198079|pages=53–62))</ref>

Through the methods and exercises taught in verbal aikido training, the practitioner works on developing a sense of [[self-control]], an [[assertive]] style of communication, and the practice of deliberate intention.<ref>((cite book|last=Archer|first=Luke A.|title=Verbal Aikido - The art of directing attacks to a balanced outcome (Green Belt)|year=2013|publisher=Createspace|location=USA|isbn=9781478198079|pages=3–4, 63–65|url=http://www.verbal-aikido.com))</ref>

==Applications==
Developed and taught widely in police academy settings, it finds significant relevance in today's everyday workplace as well as schools, public processing centers, help desks and even mall security level guards. While it may seem counter intuitive, teaching adolescents this valuable skill has shown to reduce frustration in their daily lives as they feel more in control of conflict, while learning how to follow a path to safety and resolution.

==Influential contributors==
Several people are considered to be significant contributors to the field of verbal self-defense. These include people who were early pioneers to advocate for the importance of verbal defense skills, developers of new techniques for verbally defensive tactics, and internationally recognized and known trainers.

* [[Suzette Haden Elgin]] (1936–2015), the author of ''The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense'', was one of the earliest writers to use the term. She states that verbal self-defense defends against the eight most common types of verbal violence, and redirect and defuse potential verbal confrontations.<ref>((cite book |title=The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense |isbn = 9780880292573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqgT2Be70JwC&q=%22Verbal+Self+Defense%22 | access-date= July 28, 2010|last1 = Elgin|first1 = Suzette Haden|year = 1980))</ref>
* George Thompson (1941–2011), author of ''Verbal Judo'', advanced the field of verbal self-defense by breaking down how to apply the techniques for de-escalation and defusing used by professionally trained police officers. He was one of the leading experts in verbal self-defense tactics and trained law-enforcement agencies around the world.<ref>((cite book |title=Verbal Judo |isbn = 9780060577650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jJemY_31AYC&q=%22Verbal+Judo%22 | access-date= July 28, 2010|last1 = George j. Thompson|first1 = PhD|last2 = Jenkins|first2 = Jerry B.|date = 2 March 2004))</ref>
*Daniel Scott, author of ''Verbal Self Defense for The Workplace'', more recently combined self-defense concepts with the language patterns of neuro linguistic programming in order to develop a new form of verbal self-defense. His new six-step model for verbal self-defense includes all the main components necessary for people to defend themselves against bullies and aggressive people in the work place and elsewhere.<ref>((cite book |title=Verbal Self Defense for the Workplace |isbn = 9781907498022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=128qQwAACAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Dr+Daniel+Scott%22 | access-date= July 28, 2010|last1 = Scott|first1 = Daniel|date = 3 December 2009))</ref>

==See also==
((portal|Psychology))
((div col|colwidth=30em))
* [[Assertiveness]]
* [[Conflict resolution]]
* [[Conflict resolution research]]
* [[Negotiations]]
* [[Persuasion]]
* [[Self-defense]]
* [[Verbal abuse]]
((div col end))
((clear))

==References==
((reflist|30em))

==Further reading==
* Elgin, Suzette Haden (1985). ''The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense''.  Dorset House Publishing Co Inc.
* Glass, Lillian (1999). ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Verbal Self Defense''. Alpha.
* Scott, Daniel (2009). ''Verbal Self Defense for The Workplace''.  Book Shaker.
* Thompson, George (2004). ''Verbal Judo'', Harper Paperbacks.
* Sauvé, Gaëtan (2013). "''Désamorcer les attaques verbales''" Les éditions succès-do, https://www.autodefenseverbale.com/livre

((DEFAULTSORT:Verbal Self Defense))
[[Category:Conflict (process)]]

[[de:Deeskalation]]

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