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((Short description|Philosophical Society of Great Britain))
((Use British English|date=September 2012))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2021))
((Infobox Institute
|name        =Victoria Institute of English 
|image       =
|image_size  =
|image_name  =
|image_alt   =
|caption     =
|established =1865, as "Philosophical Society of Great Britain"; now uses the working name "Faith and Thought"
|president   =Sir [[John T. Houghton]]
|chairman    =
|head_label  =
|head        =
|faculty     =
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|budget      =
|endowment   =
|debt        =
|members     =
|city        =
|state       =
|province    =
|country     = England 
|coor        =
|address     =
|website     =[http://www.faithandthought.org/ faithandthought.org]
|footnotes   = 
))
The '''Victoria Institute''', or '''Philosophical Society of Great Britain''', was founded in 1865, as a response to the publication of ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' and ''[[Essays and Reviews]]''. Its stated objective was to defend "the great truths revealed in Holy Scripture ... against the opposition of Science falsely so called." Although it was not officially opposed to evolution, it attracted a number of scientists sceptical of [[Darwinism]], including [[John William Dawson]] and [[Arnold Guyot]].<ref name=Numbers162>Numbers(2006) p162</ref>

==Early years==
The Victoria Institute was established in 1865 by a group of London evangelicals, with the [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury|Earl of Shaftesbury]] as its first president.<ref>((cite book |last1=Mathieson |first1=Stuart |title=Evangelicals and the Philosophy of Science |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9780367856700 |pages=1–2))</ref>

Its first honorary secretary, James Reddie, was a staunch critic of Darwinism, which he described as
"''inharmonious''" and "utterly ''incredible''", and [[Philip Henry Gosse]], author of ''[[Omphalos (book)|Omphalos]]'', was a vice-president.((sfn | Numbers | 2006 | pp=162–163)) However, evolution was a relatively minor concern, with much attention being paid to the threat of [[Biblical criticism]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Mathieson |first1=Stuart |title=The Victoria Institute, Biblical Criticism, and The Fundamentals |journal=[[Zygon (journal)|Zygon]] |date=1 February 2021 |volume=56 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.1111/zygo.12676 |doi-access=free))</ref>

==Heyday and decline==
[[File:Ggstokes.jpg|175px|thumbnail|left|Sir G.G. Stokes]]
The Victoria Institute enjoyed considerable success in the late nineteenth century, having Sir [[G. G. Stokes]] as president from 1886 till his death, whilst [[President of the Royal Society]].<ref>((cite journal|title=The Late President|journal=Faith and Thought|year=1903|pages=14–16|url=https://archive.org/stream/faithandthought03britgoog#page/n36/mode/2up/search/stokes))</ref> Membership reached a high point of 1,246 in 1897, but quickly plummeted to less than one third of that figure in the first two decades of the twentieth century.<ref name=Numbers162/> [[James Clerk Maxwell]] was repeatedly invited to join the institute, including in writing in 1875, but, although he was a devout evangelical Christian, he turned down the invitations, due to the institute's narrow outlook and conservatism. Only a few prominent scientists who were Evangelicals joined it.<ref>((Cite journal  | last = McNatt| first = Jerrold L.| title = James Clerk Maxwell's Refusal to Join the Victoria Institute| journal = [[Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith]]| volume = 56| issue = 3| pages = 204–215| publisher = [[American Scientific Affiliation]]| date = September 2004| url = http://www.asa3.org/asa/pscf/2004/PSCF9-04McNatt.pdf))</ref>

Prominent Canadian creationist (and long-standing institute member) [[George McCready Price]], attended meetings regularly while living in London between 1924 and 1928, but his views failed to persuade the membership.<ref>Numbers(2006) pp. 162–163</ref>

In 1927 it appointed prominent [[electrical engineer]] and [[physicist]] [[John Ambrose Fleming]] as its president.  He thought himself a creationist and insisted on creation of the soul, but his acceptance of divinely guided development and of [[Pre-Adamite]] humanity meant he was thought of as a [[theistic evolution]]ist. Fleming's 1935 presidential address, on his views on anthropology and the Bible, provoked commentary from leading London newspapers and a lengthy reply from [[anatomist]] and [[anthropologist]] [[Arthur Keith]].<ref>Numbers(2006) pp. 164–165</ref>

The ''Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute'' became ''Faith and Thought'' in 1958, which, in turn, merged with the ''Christians in Science Newsletter'' to become ''Science and Christian Belief'' in 1989.<ref name="Faith 1985">''Faith & Thought'' (formerly Faith and Thought Newsletter, started in 1985), ((ISSN|0955-2790)), back cover</ref>

==Current organisation==
The Victoria Institute currently uses the working name 'Faith and Thought'.<ref>[http://www.faithandthought.org.uk/index.html Introduction], Faith and Thought</ref> Its current president is Professor Sir [[Colin J. Humphreys]]. Its current vice-presidents include [[Malcolm Jeeves]], [[Kenneth Kitchen]], [[Alan Ralph Millard]] and [[John Warwick Montgomery]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.faithandthought.org.uk/ftoff.htm|title=Officers and Council on Faith and Thought Website |access-date=17 March 2018))</ref> In conjunction with [[Christians in Science]], it publishes ''[[Science and Christian Belief]]'' (into which ''Faith and Thought'' was merged) twice yearly.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hBoZAAAAIAAJ  World Evangelical Fellowship], ''Evangelical review of theology'', Volume 15, p. 191, [[Paternoster Press]] (1991). Retrieved 5 November 2009</ref> It also publishes ''Faith & Thought'', "Relating advances in knowledge to faith within society" since 2005. This title replaces the ''Faith and Thought Bulletin'', which, in turn, replaced the ''Faith and Thought Newsletter'', which was started in 1985.<ref name="Faith 1985"/>

==See also==
*[[Creation Science Movement]]
*[[List of Christian thinkers in science]]
*[[Relationship between religion and science]]

==Notes==
((Reflist))

== References ==
*((cite book |last1=Mathieson |first1=Stuart |title=Evangelicals and the Philosophy of Science: The Victoria Institute 1865-1939 |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9780367856700))
*((cite book
  | last = Numbers
  | first = Ronald
  | author-link = Ronald Numbers
  | title = [[The Creationists]]: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition
  | publisher = Harvard University Press
  | date = 30 November 2006
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/creationistsfrom0000numb/page/624 624 pages]
  | isbn = 0-674-02339-0
  ))

==Further reading==
* ''Faith and Thought'' (Victoria Institute), Paternoster Press, 1958–1988. Vol. 90, no. 1 (spring 1958)-v. 114, no. 2 (Oct. 1988).
:Merged with: ''Science and Faith'', to form: ''Science & Christian Belief''.
:Continues: ''Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain'' (1867–1957).
*[https://archive.org/details/ahistorywarfare01goog/page/n38 <!-- pg=1 --> ''A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom''], [[Andrew Dickson White]], D. Appleton & Company, 1896 ("a sort of [[festschrift]] to Cornell University" {page xi})
* Science & Christian Belief, Christians in Science (Great Britain), Victoria Institute (Great Britain), Paternoster Press, 1989

==External links==
* [https://www.faithandthought.org Official Faith and Thought Website]
* [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-tvi Victoria Institute Archives] at the [[John Rylands Library]], Manchester.

((Authority control))

[[Category:Evangelical parachurch organizations]]
[[Category:Christian creationism]]
[[Category:Christianity and science]]

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