There is evidence of settlement in the area from Middle Paleolithic.[4] However, it is on dispute if the current city dates from visigothic times or before, though certainly it existed in the 11th century, during the Muslim period.[5] After the Christian conquest,[6] it became Seigneury, Principality, Duchy and finally Marquisate,[7] until the people, encouraged by the Catholic Monarchs, revolted against the marquis. In 1525 Charles V conceded the title of City to Villena.[8] This is the most economically prosperous period, as shown by the monuments that survived to nowadays. Although a railway station was inaugurated in 1858,[9] economy kept being mainly agricultural until the rural exode that took place in the 1960s. Then, the economic model changed rapidly so that currently economy is based mainly on tertiary sector and industry, chiefly footwear, construction and furniture.[10]
The historical city and surroundings contain an important group of historical remains,[11] including two castles and several churches, hermitages, palaces and squares, as well as a number of museums, standing out the Archaeological Museum "José María Soler". Among the main cultural events are the Moors and Christians festival and the Concurso de Jóvenes Intérpretes "Ruperto Chapí" (Young Interpreters Contest).
Toponymy
The first known name of the area is Ad Turres, which appears in the Vascula Apollinaria and has been identified with some of the Roman villas or postae in the Via Augusta itinerary, at some point between Villena and Font de la Figuera.[12] Near the latter there is evidence of an old Tower already ruined by the 14th century.[13] As for the origin of the term Villena, there is some polemic. Menéndez Pidal proposed an evolution from a hypothetic antroponym Bellius or Vellius and the sufix -ana, as in Lucena (Lucius + -ana) or Maracena (Marcus + -ana), which would give the Roman word Belliana or Velliana.[14] However, Belliana or Bellius have not been documented in Roman times, as well as the evolution from Belliana to Villena involves several phonetic difficulties.[15] So, Domene Verdú indicates that the origin of the toponym would be the term بليانةBilyāna, purely Arabic, meaning "the filled (by Allah)".[16] This Arabic term, documented from the 11th century on,[5] evolved in two ways. On the one hand, following the rules of Medieval Spanish, to Belliena, as is written in the Historia Roderici (around 1180). On the other hand, Belliena was replaced by the Aragonese term Billena after the Christian conquest, which was carried out mostly by Aragonese. The current spelling was consolidated around the 15th century, since Spanish had totally lost the distinction between [b] and [v] and writing was attracted by the word villa, meaning "town".
Symbols
The coat of arms of Villena has been used traditionally since at least 1477, but has never been made official.[17] The castle in the first quarter comes from the symbol of the Crown of Castile, whereas the lion in the second quarter and the winged hand in the third are legacy of don Juan Manuel, second lord of the city. The three pinetrees and the pond in the fourth quarter refer to the Lagoon of Villena or the Fuente del Chopo, formerly big wealth sources for the city; the first as a salt evaporation pond and the second as a source of fresh water. The crown is a symbol of the marquisate of Villena. As the coat of arms has never made official, there are different versions according to the City Hall's terms of office, as well as certain polemic about the position of the second and third quarter.[17][18]
Physical geography
Villena is placed northwest in the province of Alicante, in the comarca of Alto Vinalopó. It is in the middle of an important crossroad which links the Valencian Community, the Region of Murcia and Castile-La Mancha, in a natural corridor known as Villena's Corridor or Vinalopó's Corridor, since the river Vinalopó flows through the municipal term of Villena.[19] This corridor has been of capital importance since prehistoric times (this is the place where the Via Augusta led first into the Meseta Central), and, being at the middle of towns as Biar, Sax, Font de la Figuera, Yecla or Caudete made Villena an important transports junction.[20] Villena's municipality, having an area of 345,6 km2 in the second widest in the province of Alicante.[21]
History
Villena region played an important role during the Bronze Age, and in the development of early metallurgy.
Cabezo Redondo is an important archaeological site of the Bronze Age located on a hill 2 km from the town of Villena. It was a regional center inhabited between 1500 and 1100 BC, and probably belonged to Argaric culture.
After the Christian conquest, Villena becomes the capital of an important seigneury, later duchy, principality and marquisate, until the popular rebellion against the Marquis, instigated by the Catholic Monarchs.
The Cabezo Redondo gold hoard was an important archaeological find. It was made by the Spanish archaeologistJosé María Soler García. The treasure was found in 1959, and contains 35 items of jewelry, including a tiara, finger rings, bracelets, and pendants.
Treasure of Villena, another find that is much bigger, was also hidden in the Cabezo Redondo area, near Villena, by its ancient inhabitants.[22] This was also found, in 1963, by José María Soler García. It is the most important ancient treasure find in the Iberian Peninsula and the second one in Europe, just behind that from the Royal Graves in Mycenae, Greece.[23]
This find was not made at Cabezo Redondo, itself, but at the Rambla del Panadero, 5 km east of Villena. Nevertheless, it is believed that, based on its resemblance to the previous Cabezo Redondo hoard, the trove was buried by the ancient inhabitants of Cabezo Redondo.
Sierra de la Villa mountain; close-up the pine grove, up in the right the Salvatierra castle ruins.
Escalona, Spain, since 1982,[24] on the occasion of the 700 anniversary of the birth of don Juan Manuel, who was lord of Villena, Escalona and Peñafiel.
Peñafiel, Spain, since 1982,[24][25] on the occasion of the 700 anniversary of the birth of don Juan Manuel, who was lord of Villena, Escalona and Peñafiel.
^GARRIDO, David (2008). "Reivindicación del Medioevo villenense" [Claim of Villena's Middle Ages]. Moros y Cristianos · Villena [Moors & Christians · Villena] (in Spanish). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.
^Pateco. Cámaras de Comercio de la Comunidad Valenciana (Pateco. Commerce Chambers of the Valencian Community) (2002). "Análisis socioeconómico" [Socio-Economic Analysis] (PDF). Plan de Acción Comercial de Villena [Commercial Action Plan for Villena] (in Spanish).
^Generalitat Valenciana. Conselleria de Cultura i Esport. Direcció General de Patrimoni Cultural Valencià [Valencian Government. Culture and Sport Council. General Direction of Valencian Cultural Heritage. "Casco antiguo" [Ancient City] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^RUBIERA, María José (1985). Villena en las calzadas romana y árabe [Villena in the Roman and Arabic roads] (in Spanish). Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.
^PIQUERAS HABA, Juan, ed. (1995). "El marc territorial i els seus origens:Els antecedents ibero-romans" [Territorial frame and its origins : Ibero-Roman antecedents]. Geografia de les comarques valencianes [Geography of the Valencian comarcas] (in Catalan). Vol. 1. València: Foro. p. 328. ISBN84-8186-019-0.
^MENÉNDEZ PIDAL, Ramón (1952). Toponimia prerrománica hispana [Pre-Roman Hispanic toponymy] (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos.
^DOMENE VERDÚ, José Fernando (1986). "El nombre de Villena [The name of Villena]". Revista Villena. Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena (36).
^DOMENE VERDÚ, José Fernando (1983). "Influencia aragonesa en el habla de Villena [Aragonese influence on Villena's speech]". Revista Villena. Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena (33).
^ ab"El auténtico escudo de la villa" [The real coat of arms of the town]. Diario La Verdad (in Spanish). January 27, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^"El león de la discordia" [The lion of contention]. Escaño 22: Análisis político de Villena (in Spanish). Retrieved August 12, 2009.
^Hernández Alcaraz, Laura; Ayelo Pérez, José, eds. (2003). "Situación Geográfica" [Geographic location]. Villena ¡un tesoro! [Villena, a treasure!] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Villena: M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena, en colaboración con el ITVA.
^"Carreteras" [Roads]. Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana [Great Thematic Encyclopaedia of the Valencian Community] (in Spanish). Vol. Geografía [Geography]. Editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.
Desde el punto de vista histórico, artístico y arqueológico, el Tesoro de Villena constituye un «unicum», un depósito no normalizado, por su peso y contenido (A. Perea). De hecho, se trata del segundo tesoro de vajilla áurea más importante de Europa, tras el de las Tumbas Reales de Micenas en Grecia (A. Mederos). [From a historic, artistic and archaeological point of view, the Treasure of Villena constitutes a "unicum", a non-normalised deposit, according to its weight and content (A. Perea). In fact, it is the second most important golden tableware finding in Europe, after that of the Royal Graves in Mycenae in Greece (A. Mederos)
^ abEl Periódico de Villena (August 6, 2008). "Peñafiel, ciudad hermana de Villena, participará en la XIII Feria del Campo" [Peñafiel, twin city of Villena, will take part at the 13th Countryside Fair] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 30, 2009. La Concejalía de Agricultura ha invitado a los Ayuntamientos de Escalona y Peñafiel
^Diario Información (September 26, 2008). "La Feria del Campo de Villena abre hoy con más de 160 expositores" [Villena's Countryside Fair open its doors today with more than 160 display stands] (in Spanish). Retrieved August 30, 2009. Por primera vez, Peñafiel, ciudad hermanada con Villena... [For the first time, Peñafiel, twin city of Villena...]
Spain
Valencian Community
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