Viral disease
Other namesViral infection
Transmission electron micrograph of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virions
SpecialtyInfectious disease

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1]

Examples are the common cold, gastroenteritis and pneumonia.[2]

Structural characteristics

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[citation needed]

Pragmatic rules

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.[citation needed]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[citation needed]

Baltimore group

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[citation needed]

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I[4][5] Adenovirus[4][5] N[4][5]
Herpesviridae I[4][5] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[6][7][8] Y[4][5]
Papillomaviridae I[4][9] Human papillomavirus[4][9] N[4][9]
Polyomaviridae I[4][10] BK virus, JC virus[4][10] N[4][10]
Poxviridae I[4][5] Smallpox[4][5] Y[4][5]
Parvoviridae II[4][5] Parvovirus B19[4][5] N[4][5]
Reoviridae III[11] Rotavirus,[11] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N[5]
Astroviridae IV[12] Human astrovirus[5] N[5]
Caliciviridae IV[11] Norwalk virus[5] N[5]
Coronaviridae IV[13] Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,[5] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y[5]
Flaviviridae IV[4][5][14] Hepatitis C virus,[4] yellow fever virus,[4] dengue virus,[4] West Nile virus,[4] TBE virus,[5] Zika virus Y[4][5]
Hepeviridae IV[15] Hepatitis E virus[5] N[5][15]
Matonaviridae IV[4][5][16] Rubella virus[4][17] Y[4][5]
Picornaviridae IV[18] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[5] rhinovirus N[5]
Arenaviridae V[19] Lassa virus[5][19] Y[5][19]
Bunyaviridae V[20] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus[5] Y[5][20]
Filoviridae V[21] Ebola virus,[21] Marburg virus[21] Y[5]
Orthomyxoviridae V[4][22] Influenza virus[4][22] Y[4][22]
Paramyxoviridae V[23] Measles virus,[4] Mumps virus,[4] Parainfluenza virus[4][5] Y[4][23]
Pneumoviridae V [24] Respiratory syncytial virus[4] Y[4]
Rhabdoviridae V[25] Rabies virus[4][5] Y[4][5]
Unassigned[26] V[26] Hepatitis D[26] Y[26]
Retroviridae VI[4][27] HIV[4][5] Y[4][5]
Hepadnaviridae VII[4] Hepatitis B virus[4][5] Y[4][5]

Clinical characteristics

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
  • fecal-oral[4]
  • venereal[4]
  • direct eye contact[4]
 None[4]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None[4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None[4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[4]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual[33]

Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[4]
  • safe sex[4]
HIV Retroviridae HAART,[4] such as protease inhibitors[35] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[35]
  • zidovudine (perinatally)[4]
  • blood product screening[4]
  • safe sex[4]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage[4]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None[4]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None[4]
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None[4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae None[4]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis[4]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae (ribavirin)[4]
  • hand washing[4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick[4]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals[4]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae None[4]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also

References

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  2. ^ see below in this article
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External links

Classification
Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases
Skin infections, symptoms and signs related to viruses
Microbiology: Virus
Baltimore (virus classification)
Infectious disease and microbiology
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