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((Short description|Angolan poet and politician))((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Viriato da Cruz
| party               = [[Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola|PLUAA]]<br>[[MPLA]]
| birth_date          = 25 March 1928
| birth_place         = [[Porto Amboim]], [[Cuanza Sul]], [[Portuguese West Africa]]
| death_date          = 13 June 1973
| death_place         = [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]]
| office              = 
| occupation          = [[Revolutionary]], [[politician]] and [[poet]]
))

'''Viriato Clemente da Cruz''' (25 March 1928 – 13 June 1973) was an [[Angola]]n [[poet]] and [[politician]], who was born in Kikuvo, [[Porto Amboim]], [[Portuguese Angola]], and died in [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]]. He is considered one of the most important [[Angola]]n [[poet]]s of his time. He wrote [[poem]]s in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], some of which include phrases in the Angolan Bantu language of [[Kimbundu]]. He took part in the political struggle to free [[Angola]] from [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule.

==Political work==
Cruz was educated in [[Luanda]], the capital of [[Portuguese West Africa|Angola]], which was then ruled by [[Portugal]]. Between 1948 and 1952, Viriato da Cruz became part of the Association of the Native Sons of Angola.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ|title=Dictionary of African Biography|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel Kwaku|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|date=2012-01-01|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780195382075|language=en))</ref> In 1948, he helped found the Movement of the New Intellectuals of Angola.

Suffering from tuberculosis, Da Cruz retreated to southern Angola in 1948 and 1949. There he wrote poems that established him as the most important Angolan lyrical poet of his generation.<ref>Patrick Chabal, ''The Postcolonial Literature of Lusophone Africa'', pp. 143-144</ref> He returned to Luanda, the capital, and was a central figure in the literary magazine ''Mensagem'', which developed the idea of an Angolan nation.<ref>Russell G. Hamilton, ''Voices from an Empire'', pp. 61-66</ref> By the early 1950s he had ceased writing poetry to devote most of his time to revolutionary, anti-colonial politics.

In 1956 Viriato da Cruz, in Luanda,  wrote the manifesto that would become the founding document of the [[MPLA]] (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola). On September 30, 1957, Da Cruz left for Lisbon, with the hopes of recruiting advice and support from the [[Portuguese Communist Party|Partido Comunista Portugués]] (PCP). His call for help went unanswered by the PCP.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&dq=viriato+da+cruz&pg=RA1-PA138|title=Dictionary of African Biography|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel Kwaku|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|date=2012-01-01|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780195382075|language=en))</ref>  Da Cruz went on to Paris and Frankfurt, where [[Mário Pinto de Andrade]] and [[Lúcio Lara]] contributed to the revision of his manifesto.  At a conference in Tunis in 1960, Viriato da Cruz became the first person to utter the new organization's name in public.<ref>Jean-Michel Mabeko-Tali, ''Guerrilhas e lutas sociais. O MPLA perante si pröpio, 1960-1977'', pp. 83-120</ref>

The [[MPLA]] was not in [[Angola]] at this time, but was first in [[Conakry]] (the capital of [[Guinea]]) and then later in Leopoldville, Congo (now [[Kinshasa]], the capital of the [[Democratic Republic of Congo|DRC]]). Cruz became [[secretary-general]] of the MPLA. After some time he and others did not agree with the party leadership, in particular with president [[Agostinho Neto]].  The main source of conflict was race. Though himself a mestiço (mixed-race person), Viriato believed that leadership positions in the MPLA should be reserved for Black Africans.  Beginning in 1962, Neto recruited highly educated mestiços to serve on the MPLA's Central Committee. In the mid-1960s Neto opened the MPLA to anti-colonialist white Angolans and endorsed a policy of multiracialism in the movement.<ref>Fernando Tavares Pimenta, ''Angola no Percurso de um Nacionalista, pp. 65-85</ref>''

==Exiled in China==
((unreferenced section| date = August 2017))
In the 1960s, he moved to Algeria to run his own faction of the MPLA, popularly known as the MPLA-Viriato.<ref>Mabeko-Tali, ''Guerrilhas e lutas sociais''</ref>  He finally went to [[Beijing]], [[China]]. At first, the Chinese government welcomed him, since he wanted to help them bring [[Maoist]]-inspired revolution to [[Africa]].   He soon fell out of favour with the Chinese government due to his support for [[Liu Shaoqi]], who had been denounced by [[Mao Zedong]]  as a "capitalist-roader".<ref>Jodie Yuzhou Sun, "Viriato da Cruz and His Chinese Exile," ''Journal of Southern African Studies'', Vol. 46 No. 5 (2020): 856-57</ref> Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa, but the Chinese government would not allow him to go.

==Last years==
The last years of his life were unhappy and difficult. He died on 13 June 1973. The MPLA has never acknowledged his role as the author of its founding manifesto.

==Poetry work==

In poems such as "Mamãe negra (Canto de esperança)", Viriato da Cruz explore themes of Black African identity, and the symbol of "Mother Africa".<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gt07FgJovZEC&dq=viriato+da+cruz&pg=PA405|title=European-language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Gérard|first=Albert S.|date=1986-01-01|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=9630538334|language=en))</ref>

== Further reading ==

* Edmundo Rocha, Francisco Soares, Moisés Fernandes (eds.), ''Viriato da Cruz: O homem e o mito'', Lisbon: Prefácio & Luanda: Chá de Caxinde, 2008.
* W. Martin James, "Cruz, Viriato Clemente da (25 March 1928-13 June 1973)", ''Historical Dictionary of Angola'', Scarecrow Press, 2011; pp.&nbsp;73–74.

((Authority control))

==References==
((Reflist))

((DEFAULTSORT:Cruz, Viriato da))
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cuanza Sul Province]]
[[Category:MPLA politicians]]
[[Category:Angolan male poets]]
[[Category:Socialist realism writers]]
[[Category:Angolan communists]]
[[Category:20th-century Angolan poets]]

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