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((Short description|Species of grapevine))
((For|a similar species also called frost grape|Vitis vulpina))
((More citations needed|date=June 2011))
((Speciesbox
|image = Vitis riparia (USDA) 2-3.jpg
|genus = Vitis
|species = riparia
|authority = [[André Michaux|Michx.]]
))

'''''Vitis riparia''''' Michx, with [[common name]]s '''riverbank grape''' or '''frost grape''',<ref>((GRIN | access-date=7 July 2015))</ref> is a vine indigenous to [[North America]]. As a climbing or trailing [[vine]], it is widely distributed across central and eastern [[Canada]] and the central and northeastern parts of the [[United States]], from [[Quebec]] to [[Texas]], and eastern [[Montana]] to [[Nova Scotia]]. There are reports of isolated populations in the northwestern USA, but these are probably [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]].<ref>((BONAP |genus=Vitis |species=riparia |date=2014))</ref> It is long-lived and capable of reaching into the upper [[Canopy (forest)|canopy]] of the tallest [[tree]]s. It produces dark fruit that are appealing to both birds and people, and has been used extensively in commercial viticulture as [[grafting|grafted]] [[rootstock]] and in [[hybrid grape]] breeding programs.

''Riverbank grape'' is a translation of the scientific name ''Vitis riparia''; ((wikt-lang|la|rīpārius)) means "of riverbanks" in [[Latin]],<ref name="climbers">((cite web |title=''Vitis riparia'' |url=http://climbers.lsa.umich.edu/?p=426 |website=CLIMBERS: Censusing Lianas in Mesic Biomes of Eastern Regions |first=Robyn J. |last=Burnham |date=2014 |publisher=University of Michigan College of Literature, Sciences and the Arts))</ref> deriving from ((wikt-lang|la|rīpa)) "riverbank".

== Description ==
Mature [[vine]]s have loose, fissured [[Bark (botany)|bark]], and may attain several inches in diameter. Leaves are alternate, often with opposite [[tendril]]s or inflorescences, coarsely toothed, ((cvt|5|-|25|cm|in)) long and ((cvt|5|-|20|cm|in)) broad, sometimes with sparse hairs on the underside of [[vein]]s.

''V. riparia'' is functionally [[dioecious]].<ref name="climbers" /> The [[inflorescence]] is a [[panicle]] ((cvt|4|-|15|cm|in)) long and loose, and the [[flower]]s are small, fragrant, and white or greenish in color. ''V. riparia'' blooms sometime between April and June and in August or September<ref name="FNA">((eFloras|1 |family=Vitaceae |first=Michael O. |last=Moore))</ref> produces a small ((cvt|6|-|15|mm|in)) blue-black [[Berry (botany)|berry]] ([[grape]]) with a bloom, seeded, juicy, edible, vinous in flavor, lacking the "foxy" characteristics of ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', but usually quite [[sour]] and [[herbaceous]]. ''V. riparia'' has a wide range and may deviate considerably in detail from the above general description. White berries, [[perfect flower]]s, large clusters, large berries, and sweet fruit are among the known variations. However, some observers consider such variations as evidence of natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with other species of [[grape]]s.

== Habitat ==
''Vitis riparia'' has the largest geographical range of any of the North American [[Vitis]] species. It is present across nearly the entire eastern half of North America, from southern [[Quebec]], to [[Piedmont, Alabama]], and the [[Carolinas]] 
but absent of the coastal plains and the westerner parts of North America of the [[great plains]]. Variants of the species have been observed as far north as [[Riding Mountain National Park]] in [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]] and as far west as [[Montana]], [[Nebraska]], and [[North Dakota]].

In the wild, the vine thrives along exposed areas with good sun exposure and adequate soil moisture, such as riverbanks, forest clearings, fence lines and along road sides. The species has adapted to a variety of [[Soil chemistry|soil chemistries]].
[[File:Frost grapes (Southeast Michigan).JPG|thumb|Frost grapes (Southeast Michigan)]]
[[File:Frost grapes and leaves (Southeast Michigan).JPG|thumb|Frost grapes, immature grapes, and leaves (Late summer, Southeast Michigan)]]

== Cold hardiness and disease resistance ==
Some ''V. riparia'' vines have been known to withstand temperatures as low as ((convert|-57|C|F)).<ref>Rombough, Lon. [[The Grape Grower]] Chelsea Green Publishing, 2002. p. 218.</ref> The foliage is typically resistant to [[mildew]] and [[black rot (grape)|black rot]], and the roots resistant to [[phylloxera]]. The berries, however, are often sensitive to mildew and black rot if the vine is exposed to prolonged wet and humid conditions.

== Uses ==
Perhaps the most significant agricultural usage of ''V. riparia'' is as grafted [[rootstock]] for [[Vitis vinifera]]. Important advantages of the use of ''V. riparia'' (and hybrids between it and other [[Vitis]] species) include resistance to [[phylloxera]] and adaptation to variant soil types.

Due to the extensive [[Hardiness (plants)|cold hardiness]] and fungal disease resistance of this species, it has been used extensively in [[Viticulture|grape breeding]] programs to transfer cold hardy and disease resistant [[genes]] to domesticated grapes. The French-American [[hybrid grapes]] are notable examples of these attempts. ''V. riparia'' has been used extensively for over a hundred years to create hardy hybrids. Many ''V. riparia'' hybrids are currently being used and investigated by plant breeders and in breeding programs such as those conducted by the [[University of Minnesota]]'s horticulture program in an effort to make a commercially viable wine grape that can survive the northern climate of the [[Upper Midwest]]. Examples of commercially important cultivars with significant ''V. Riparia'' ancestry include [[Baco noir]], [[Marechal Foch (grape)|Marechal Foch]],  [[Triomphe d'Alsace]] and [[Frontenac (grape)|Frontenac]].

While ''V. riparia'' shares many important characteristics with its cousin, ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', the small size of the berry (making it prone to predation by birds), the high acidity of its fruit (often up to 5% [[acid–base titration|titratable acidity]]), the intense pigment of its juice, and the presence of [[herbaceous]] aromas in wine produced from it have made it unusable on its own for commercial viticulture.

These grapes are sometimes used to make flavorful homemade [[Gelatin dessert|jellies]], [[jam]]s, and [[wine]].<ref>((Cite book|last=Elias|first=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=214|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982))</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery caption="Vitis riparia" widths="180px" heights="120px">
File:Vitis riparia HabitusLeavesFruits BotGardBln0906.JPG| Botanical garden in [[Berlin]], Germany.
File:Vitis riparia Weinsberg 20071016.jpg| Vitis riparia in Germany
File:Vitis riparia, Rouge Park.jpg| Ontario, Canada
File:Vitis Riparia.JPG|Vitis riparia leaf
File:Riparia gloire de Montpellier feuille Cherves.jpg| Riparia gloire de Montpellier (rootstock)
</gallery>

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Vitis (grape) species))
((Taxonbar|from=Q1081461))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Vitis|riparia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1803]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the North-Central United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the South-Central United States]]
[[Category:Flora of Eastern Canada]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Canada]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northwestern United States]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

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