In February 1369, Vladislav I subdued Vidin[2] and recognised Louis I of Hungary as his overlord in return for Severin, Amlaș, and Făgăraș. In 1373 Louis I took Severin again but Vladislav I recovered it in 1376–1377.[3]
Louis assembled his armies in Temesvár (now Timișoara in Romania) in February 1365.[10] According to a royal charter that year, he was planning to invade Wallachia because the new voivode, Vladislav I, had refused to obey him.[10] However, he ended up heading a campaign against the BulgarianTsardom of Vidin and its ruler Ivan Sratsimir, which suggests that Vladislav I had in the meantime yielded to him.[10] Louis seized Vidin and imprisoned Ivan Stratsimir in May or June.[11][12]In 1366, Louis granted the Banate of Severin and the district of Fogaras to Vladislav Vlaicu of Wallachia, who had accepted his suzerainty.[13][14]Tvrtko I of Bosnia also accepted Louis's suzerainty after Hungarian troops assisted him in regaining his throne in early 1367.[15] In 1368, Vladislav I cooperated with Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, the father of Ivan Sratsimir of Vidin, against the Hungarians.[12][16] Their united armies imposed a blockade on Vidin.[17] Louis marched to the Lower Danube and ordered Nicholas Lackfi, Voivode of Transylvania, to invade Wallachia in the autumn of 1368.[17] The voivode's army marched through the valley of the Ialomița River, but the Wallachians ambushed it and killed many Hungarian soldiers, including the voivode.[18] However, Louis' campaign against Wallachia from the west was successful and Vladislav Vlaicu yield to him in next summer.[18][19] Upon his initiative, Louis restored Ivan Sratsimir in Vidin.[20]
Coinage
The 3 types of Wallachian ducats, from top to bottom in numerical order.
Vladislav I was the first Wallachian voivode to mint local coins around 1365.[21] The coins were made exclusively from silver and they were classified in 3 categories:[22]
I - Ducats, with a diameter of 18-21mm and an average weight of 1,05 grams. There were 3 types of the Wallachian ducats: type I, which had solely Cyrillic inscriptions, featuring on the obverse the inscription +IWBЛAДICЛABABOEBWД and a shield with a cross on top divided into two halves vertically, one being traversed by horizontal stripes and the other featuring a crescent, while on the reverse featuring an eagle with the head tilted to the left sitting on a knightly helmet with a cross to its left; type II, which had both Latin and Cyrillic inscriptions, featuring on the obverse the inscription +MLADIZLAIWAIWODE or +IWBЛAДICЛAB and a Jerusalem cross, while on the reverse featuring the inscription +TRANS-ALPIN or +IWBЛAДICЛAB BOE and the same model as type I but mirrored; type III, which, akin to type II had both Cyrillic and Latin inscriptions, featuring on the obverse the inscription +MLADIZLAIWAIWODE or +IWANABЛATICЛABOIBOДA and a shield divided into two halves vertically, one being traversed by horizontal stripes and the other being blank, while on the reverse featuring the inscription +TRANS-ALPINI or +IWAN-BЛATI and the same illustration as type II.[23]
II - Dinars, with a diameter of 16-18mm and an average weight of 0,70 grams. They looked the same as type III ducats and also featured the same Cyrillic or Latin inscriptions, however they were smaller and lighter.[24]
III - Bans, with a diameter of 14-16mm and an average weight of 0,35 grams. On the obverse they featured the same imagery as type II and III ducats did on the reverse, with the exception of the inscription, which was Б-Л, while on the reverse they featured a Jerusalem cross.[25]
References
^Czamańska, Ilona (1996). Mołdawia i Wołoszczyzna wobec Polski, Węgier i Turcji w XIV i XV wieku. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. p. 198. ISBN83-232-0733-X.
^Czamańska, Ilona (1996). Mołdawia i Wołoszczyzna wobec Polski, Węgier i Turcji w XIV i XV wieku. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. p. 200. ISBN83-232-0733-X.
^Czamańska, Ilona (1996). Mołdawia i Wołoszczyzna wobec Polski, Węgier i Turcji w XIV i XV wieku. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. p. 211. ISBN83-232-0733-X.
