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((Short description|User interface technique))
((Multiple issues|
((Original research|date=September 2018))
((More citations needed|date=September 2018))
((Update|date=December 2019))
((Merge from|Sonic user interface|discuss=Talk:Voice user interface#Proposed merge of Sonic user interface into Voice user interface|date=March 2024))
))
A '''voice-user interface''' ('''VUI''') enables spoken human interaction with computers, using [[speech recognition]] to understand [[voice command|spoken commands]] and [[Question answering|answer questions]], and typically [[text to speech]] to play a reply. A '''voice command device''' is a device controlled with a voice user interface.

Voice user interfaces have been added to [[automobile]]s, [[home automation]] systems, computer [[operating system]]s, [[home appliance]]s like [[washing machine]]s and [[microwave oven]]s, and television [[remote control]]s. They are the primary way of interacting with [[virtual assistant]]s on [[smartphones]] and [[smart speaker]]s. Older [[automated attendant]]s (which route phone calls to the correct extension) and [[interactive voice response]] systems (which conduct more complicated transactions over the phone) can respond to the pressing of keypad buttons via [[DTMF]] tones, but those with a full voice user interface allow callers to speak requests and responses without having to press any buttons.

Newer voice command devices are speaker-independent, so they can respond to multiple voices, regardless of accent or dialectal influences. They are also capable of responding to several commands at once, separating vocal messages, and providing appropriate [[feedback]], accurately imitating a natural conversation.<ref name=appliance>((cite web|title=Washing Machine Voice Control|work=Appliance Magazine|url=http://www.appliancemagazine.com/news.php?article=4514&zone=0&first=1))</ref>

==Overview==
A VUI is the [[interface (computing)|interface]] to any speech application. Only a short time ago, controlling a machine by simply talking to it was only possible in [[science fiction]]. Until recently, this area was considered to be [[artificial intelligence]]. However, advances in technologies like text-to-speech, speech-to-text, [[natural language processing]], and cloud services contributed to the mass adoption of these types of interfaces. VUIs have become more commonplace, and people are taking advantage of the value that these [[hands free|hands-free]], eyes-free interfaces provide in many situations.

VUIs need to respond to input reliably, or they will be rejected and often ridiculed by their users. Designing a good VUI requires interdisciplinary talents of [[computer science]], [[linguistics]] and human factors [[psychology]] – all of which are skills that are expensive and hard to come by. Even with advanced development tools, constructing an effective VUI requires an in-depth understanding of both the tasks to be performed, as well as the target audience that will use the final system. The closer the VUI matches the user's mental model of the task, the easier it will be to use with little or no training, resulting in both higher efficiency and higher user satisfaction.

A VUI designed for the general public should emphasize ease of use and provide a lot of help and guidance for first-time callers. In contrast, a VUI designed for a small group of [[power users]] (including field service workers), should focus more on productivity and less on help and guidance. Such applications should streamline the call flows, minimize prompts, eliminate unnecessary iterations and allow elaborate "mixed initiative [[dialog system|dialogs]]", which enable callers to enter several pieces of information in a single utterance and in any order or combination. In short, speech applications have to be carefully crafted for the specific business process that is being automated.

Not all business processes render themselves equally well for speech automation. In general, the more complex the inquiries and transactions are, the more challenging they will be to automate, and the more likely they will be to fail with the general public. In some scenarios, automation is simply not applicable, so live agent assistance is the only option. A legal advice hotline, for example, would be very difficult to automate. On the flip side, speech is perfect for handling quick and routine transactions, like changing the status of a work order, completing a time or expense entry, or transferring funds between accounts.

==History==

Early applications for VUI included voice-activated [[Dialling (telephony)|dialing]] of phones, either directly or through a (typically [[Bluetooth]]) headset or vehicle audio system.

In 2007, a [[CNN Money|CNN]] business article reported that voice command was over a billion dollar industry and that companies like Google and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] were trying to create speech recognition features.<ref>((cite news|title=Now You're Talking|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/02/01/8398978/index.htm|publisher=CNN Money|access-date=25 April 2012|first=Jeanette|last=Borzo|date=8 February 2007))</ref>  In the years since the article was published, the world has witnessed a variety of voice command devices. Additionally, Google has created a speech recognition engine called Pico TTS and Apple released Siri. Voice command devices are becoming more widely available, and innovative ways for using the human voice are always being created. For example, Business Week suggests that the future remote controller is going to be the human voice. Currently [[Xbox Live]] allows such features and [[Steve Jobs|Jobs]] hinted at such a feature on the new [[Apple TV]].<ref>((cite news|title=Voice Control, the End of the TV Remote?|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=9 December 2011|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/voice-control-the-end-of-the-tv-remote-12082011.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208224714/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/voice-control-the-end-of-the-tv-remote-12082011.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2011|publisher=Business Week|access-date=1 May 2012))</ref>

==Voice command software products on computing devices==
Both Apple [[Apple Macintosh|Mac]] and [[Windows]] [[Personal computer|PC]] provide built in speech recognition features for their latest [[operating systems]].

===Microsoft Windows===

Two Microsoft operating systems, [[Windows 7]] and [[Windows Vista]], provide speech recognition capabilities. Microsoft integrated voice commands into their operating systems to provide a mechanism for people who want to limit their use of the mouse and keyboard, but still want to maintain or increase their overall productivity.<ref>((cite web|title=Windows Vista Built In Speech|url=http://www.microsoft.com/enable/products/windowsvista/speech.aspx|publisher=Windows Vista|access-date=25 April 2012))</ref>

====Windows Vista====

With Windows Vista voice control, a user may dictate documents and emails in mainstream applications, start and switch between applications, control the operating system, format documents, save documents, edit files, efficiently correct errors, and fill out forms on the [[Internet|Web]]. The speech recognition software learns automatically every time a user uses it, and speech recognition is available in English (U.S.), English (U.K.), German (Germany), French (France), Spanish (Spain), Japanese, Chinese (Traditional), and Chinese (Simplified). In addition, the software comes with an interactive tutorial, which can be used to train both the user and the speech recognition engine.<ref>((cite web|title=Speech Operation On Vista|url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/Use-Speech-Recognition-to-operate-windows-and-programs|publisher=Microsoft))</ref>

====Windows 7====

In addition to all the features provided in Windows Vista, Windows 7 provides a wizard for setting up the microphone and a tutorial on how to use the feature.<ref>((cite web|title=Speech Recognition Set Up|url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Set-up-Speech-Recognition|publisher=Microsoft))</ref>

====Mac OS X====
All [[Mac OS X]] computers come pre-installed with the speech recognition software. The software is user-independent, and it allows for a user to, "navigate menus and enter keyboard shortcuts; speak checkbox names, radio button names, list items, and button names; and open, close, control, and switch among applications."<ref name = Y>((cite web|title=Physical and Motor Skills|url=https://www.apple.com/accessibility/macosx/physical.html|publisher=Apple))</ref> However, the Apple website recommends a user buy a commercial product called [[MacSpeech Dictate|Dictate]].<ref name=Y />

===Commercial products===
If a user is not satisfied with the built in speech recognition software or a user does not have a built speech recognition software for their OS, then a user may experiment with a commercial product such as [[Braina|Braina Pro]] or [[NaturallySpeaking|DragonNaturallySpeaking]] for Windows PCs,<ref>((cite web|title=DragonNaturallySpeaking PC|url=http://www.nuance.com/for-individuals/by-product/dragon-for-pc/index.htm|publisher=Nuance))</ref>
and Dictate, the name of the same software for Mac OS.<ref>((cite web|title=DragonNaturallySpeaking Mac|url=http://www.nuance.com/for-individuals/by-product/dragon-for-mac/index.htm|publisher=Nuance))</ref>

==Voice command mobile devices==
Any mobile device running Android OS, Microsoft Windows Phone, iOS 9 or later, or Blackberry OS provides voice command capabilities. In addition to the built-in speech recognition software for each mobile phone's operating system, a user may download third party voice command applications from each operating system's application store: [[App Store (iOS)|Apple App store]], [[Google Play]], [[Windows Phone Marketplace]] (initially [[Windows Marketplace for Mobile]]), or [[BlackBerry App World]].

===Android OS===
Google has developed an open source operating system called [[Android (operating system)|Android]], which allows a user to perform voice commands such as: send text messages, listen to music, get directions, call businesses, call contacts, send email, view a map, go to websites, write a note, and search Google.<ref name =v>((cite web|title=Voice Actions|url=http://www.google.com/mobile/voice-actions/))</ref>
The speech recognition software is available for all devices since [[Android Froyo|Android 2.2 "Froyo"]], but the settings must be set to English.<ref name=v />  Google allows for the user to change the language, and the user is prompted when he or she first uses the speech recognition feature if he or she would like their voice data to be attached to their Google account. If a user decides to opt into this service, it allows Google to train the software to the user's voice.<ref>((cite web|title = Google Voice Search For Android Can Now Be "Trained" To Your Voice| date=14 December 2010| url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/12/14/google-voice-search-for-android-can-now-be-trained-to-your-voice/|access-date=24 April 2012))</ref>

Google introduced the [[Google Assistant]] with [[Android Nougat|Android 7.0 "Nougat"]]. It is much more advanced than the older version.

[[Amazon.com]] has the [[Amazon Echo|Echo]] that uses Amazon's custom version of Android to provide a voice interface.

===Microsoft Windows===
[[Windows Phone]] is [[Microsoft]]'s mobile device's operating system. On Windows Phone 7.5, the speech app is user independent and can be used to: call someone from your contact list, call any phone number, redial the last number, send a text message, call your voice mail, open an application, read appointments, query phone status, and search the web.<ref>((cite web|title = Using Voice Command| url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb446163.aspx|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=24 April 2012))</ref><ref name = win>((cite web|title=Using Voice Commands|url=http://www.microsoft.com/windowsphone/en-us/howto/wp7/basics/use-speech-on-my-phone.aspx|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=27 April 2012))</ref>
In addition, speech can also be used during a phone call, and the following actions are possible during a phone call: press a number, turn the speaker phone on, or call someone, which puts the current call on hold.<ref name=win/>

Windows 10 introduces [[Cortana (software)|Cortana]], a voice control system that replaces the formerly used voice control on Windows phones.

===iOS===
Apple added [[Voice Control (Apple)|Voice Control]] to its [[List of iOS devices|family of iOS devices]] as a new feature of [[iPhone OS 3]]. The [[iPhone 4S]], [[iPad (3rd generation)|iPad 3]], [[iPad Mini (1st generation)|iPad Mini 1G]], [[iPad Air]], [[iPad Pro|iPad Pro 1G]], [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|iPod Touch 5G]] and later, all come with a more advanced voice assistant called [[Siri]]. Voice Control can still be enabled through the Settings menu of newer devices. Siri is a user independent built-in speech recognition feature that allows a user to issue voice commands. With the assistance of Siri a user may issue commands like, send a text message, check the weather, set a reminder, find information, schedule meetings, send an email, find a contact, set an alarm, get directions, track your stocks, set a timer, and ask for examples of sample voice command queries.<ref>((cite web|title=Siri, The iPhone 3GS & 4, iPod 3 & 4, have voice control like an express Siri, it plays music, pauses music, suffle, Facetime, and calling Features|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features/siri.html|publisher=Apple|access-date=27 April 2012))</ref>  In addition, Siri works with [[Bluetooth]] and wired headphones.<ref>((cite web|title=Siri FAQ|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features/siri-faq.html|publisher=Apple))</ref>

===Amazon Alexa===
In 2014 Amazon introduced the [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa smart home device]]. Its main purpose was just a smart speaker, that allowed the consumer to control the device with their voice. Eventually, it turned into a novelty device that had the ability to control home appliance with voice. Now almost all the appliances are controllable with Alexa, including light bulbs and temperature. By allowing voice control, Alexa can connect to smart home technology allowing you to lock your house, control the temperature, and activate various devices. This form of A.I allows for someone to simply ask it a question, and in response the Alexa searches for, finds, and recites the answer back to you.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-echo-and-alexa-history-from-speaker-to-smart-home-hub-2017-5|title=How Amazon's Echo went from a smart speaker to the center of your home|website=[[Business Insider]]))</ref>

==Speech recognition in cars==
As car technology improves, more features will be added to cars and these features could potentially distract a driver. Voice commands for cars, according to [[CNET]], should allow a driver to issue commands and not be distracted. CNET stated that Nuance was suggesting that in the future they would create a software that resembled Siri, but for cars.<ref name=C>((cite web|title=Siri Like Voice|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-57321094-48/siri-like-voice-recognition-coming-to-cars/|publisher=CNET))</ref>  Most speech recognition software on the market in 2011 had only about 50 to 60 voice commands, but Ford Sync had 10,000.<ref name=C /> However, CNET suggested that even 10,000 voice commands was not sufficient given the complexity and the variety of tasks a user may want to do while driving.<ref name=C /> Voice command for cars is different from voice command for mobile phones and for computers because a driver may use the feature to look for nearby restaurants, look for gas, driving directions, road conditions, and the location of the nearest hotel.<ref name=C /> Currently, technology allows a driver to issue voice commands on both a portable [[GPS navigation device|GPS]] like a [[Garmin]] and a car manufacturer navigation system.<ref>((cite web|title=Portable GPS With Voice|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/4321-3430_7-6604366.html|publisher=CNET))</ref>

List of Voice Command Systems Provided By Motor Manufacturers:
* [[Ford Sync]]
* Lexus Voice Command
* [[Chrysler UConnect]]
* [[Honda Accord]]
* [[Intellilink|GM IntelliLink]]
* BMW
* Mercedes
* Pioneer
* Harman
* Hyundai

== Non-verbal input ==
While most voice user interfaces are designed to support interaction through spoken human language, there have also been recent explorations in designing interfaces take non-verbal human sounds as input. In these systems, the user controls the interface by emitting non-speech sounds such as humming, whistling, or blowing into a microphone.<ref name="dlnext.acm.org">((Cite journal|url=https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2493190.2493244|title=Voice augmented manipulation ((!)) Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services|website=dlnext.acm.org|language=EN|doi=10.1145/2493190.2493244|s2cid=6251400|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref>

One such example of a non-verbal voice user interface is Blendie,<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1013115.1013159|title=Blendie ((!)) Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques|website=dlnext.acm.org|language=EN|doi=10.1145/1013115.1013159|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://web.media.mit.edu/~monster/blendie/|title=Kelly Dobson: Blendie|website=web.media.mit.edu|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref> an interactive art installation created by Kelly Dobson. The piece comprised a classic 1950s-era blender which was retrofitted to respond to microphone input. To control the blender, the user must mimic the whirring mechanical sounds that a blender typically makes: the blender will spin slowly in response to a user's low-pitched growl, and increase in speed as the user makes higher-pitched vocal sounds.

Another example is VoiceDraw,<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1296843.1296850|title=Voicedraw ((!)) Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility|website=dlnext.acm.org|language=EN|doi=10.1145/1296843.1296850|s2cid=218338|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref> a research system that enables digital drawing for individuals with limited motor abilities. VoiceDraw allows users to "paint" strokes on a digital canvas by modulating vowel sounds, which are mapped to brush directions. Modulating other paralinguistic features (e.g. the loudness of their voice) allows the user to control different features of the drawing, such as the thickness of the brush stroke.

Other approaches include adopting non-verbal sounds to augment touch-based interfaces (e.g. on a mobile phone) to support new types of gestures that wouldn't be possible with finger input alone.<ref name="dlnext.acm.org"/>

== Design challenges ==
Voice interfaces pose a substantial number of challenges for usability. In contrast to graphical user interfaces (GUIs), best practices for voice interface design are still emergent.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|url=https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3236112.3236149|title=Design guidelines for hands-free speech interaction ((!)) Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct|website=dlnext.acm.org|language=EN|doi=10.1145/3236112.3236149|s2cid=52099112|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref>

=== Discoverability ===
With purely audio-based interaction, voice user interfaces tend to suffer from low [[discoverability]]:<ref name=":0" /> it is difficult for users to understand the scope of a system's capabilities. In order for the system to convey what is possible without a visual display, it would need to enumerate the available options, which can become tedious or infeasible. Low discoverability often results in users reporting confusion over what they are "allowed" to say, or a mismatch in expectations about the breadth of a system's understanding.<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/223904.223952|title=Designing SpeechActs ((!)) Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|website=dlnext.acm.org|language=EN|doi=10.1145/223904.223952|s2cid=9313029|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|title=What can I say? ((!)) Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services|language=EN|doi=10.1145/2935334.2935386|s2cid=6246618|doi-access=free))</ref>

=== Transcription ===
While [[speech recognition]] technology has improved considerably in recent years, voice user interfaces still suffer from parsing or transcription errors in which a user's speech is not interpreted correctly.<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3173574.3173580|title=Patterns for How Users Overcome Obstacles in Voice User Interfaces ((!)) Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|website=dlnext.acm.org|language=EN|doi=10.1145/3173574.3173580|s2cid=5041672|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref> These errors tend to be especially prevalent when the speech content uses technical vocabulary (e.g. medical terminology) or unconventional spellings such as musical artist or song names.<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3173574.3173870|title="Play PRBLMS" ((!)) Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|website=dlnext.acm.org|language=EN|doi=10.1145/3173574.3173870|s2cid=5050837|access-date=2019-02-27))</ref>

=== Understanding ===
Effective system design to maximize [[Natural-language understanding|conversational understanding]] remains an open area of research. Voice user interfaces that interpret and manage conversational state are challenging to design due to the inherent difficulty of integrating complex natural language processing tasks like [[Coreference|coreference resolution]], [[named-entity recognition]], [[information retrieval]], and [[Dialog manager|dialog management]].<ref>((cite book|last=Galitsky|first=Boris|title=Developing Enterprise Chatbots: Learning Linguistic Structures|publisher=Springer|edition=1st|date=2019|location=Cham, Switzerland|language=en|isbn=978-3-030-04298-1|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04299-8|pages=13–24|s2cid=102486666))</ref> Most voice assistants today are capable of executing single commands very well but limited in their ability to manage dialogue beyond a narrow task or a couple turns in a conversation.<ref>((cite book|last=Pearl|first=Cathy|title=Designing Voice User Interfaces: Principles of Conversational Experiences|publisher=O'Reilly Media|edition=1st|date=2016-12-06|location=Sebastopol, CA|language=en|isbn=978-1-491-95541-3|pages=16–19))</ref>

== Future uses ==
((outdated section|date=September 2018))
Pocket-size devices, such as [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]s or [[mobile phone]]s, currently rely on small buttons for user input. These are either built into the device or are part of a touch-screen interface, such as that of the Apple [[iPod Touch]] and [[iPhone]] Siri Application. Extensive button-pressing on devices with such small buttons can be tedious and inaccurate, so an easy-to-use, accurate, and reliable VUI would potentially be a major breakthrough in the ease of their use. Nonetheless, such a VUI would also benefit users of laptop- and desktop-sized computers, as well, as it would solve numerous problems currently associated with keyboard and [[mouse (computing)|mouse]] use, including repetitive-strain injuries such as [[carpal tunnel syndrome]], the challenges of navigating and inputting text within digital interfaces by the visually impaired,<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Messaoudi |first1=Mohamed Dhiaeddine |last2=Menelas |first2=Bob-Antoine J. |last3=Mcheick |first3=Hamid |date=2022-10-17 |title=Review of Navigation Assistive Tools and Technologies for the Visually Impaired |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=22 |issue=20 |pages=7888 |doi=10.3390/s22207888 |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=9606951 |pmid=36298237 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Senso..22.7888M ))</ref> and slow typing speed on the part of inexperienced keyboard users. Moreover, keyboard use typically entails either sitting or standing stationary in front of the connected display; by contrast, a VUI would free the user to be far more mobile, as speech input eliminates the need to look at a keyboard.

Such developments could change the face of current machines and have far-reaching implications on how users interact with them. Hand-held devices would be designed with larger, easier-to-view screens, as no keyboard would be required. Touch-screen devices would no longer need to split the display between content and an on-screen keyboard, thus providing full-screen viewing of the content. Laptop computers could essentially be cut in half in terms of size, as the keyboard half would be eliminated and all internal components would be integrated behind the display, effectively resulting in a simple [[tablet computer]]. Desktop computers would consist of a CPU and screen, saving desktop space otherwise occupied by the keyboard and eliminating sliding keyboard rests built under the desk's surface. Television [[remote control]]s and keypads on dozens of other devices, from microwave ovens to photocopiers, could also be eliminated.

Numerous challenges would have to be overcome, however, for such developments to occur. First, the VUI would have to be sophisticated enough to distinguish between input, such as commands, and background conversation; otherwise, false input would be registered and the connected device would behave erratically. A standard prompt, such as the famous "Computer!" call by characters in science fiction TV shows and films such as ''[[Star Trek]]'', could activate the VUI and prepare it to receive further input by the same speaker. Conceivably, the VUI could also include a human-like representation: a voice or even an on-screen character, for instance, that responds back (e.g., "Yes, Vamshi?") and continues to communicate back and forth with the user in order to clarify the input received and ensure accuracy.

Second, the VUI would have to work in concert with highly sophisticated software in order to accurately process and find/retrieve information or carry out an action as per the particular user's preferences. For instance, if Samantha prefers information from a particular newspaper, and if she prefers that the information be summarized in point-form, she might say, "Computer, find me some information about the flooding in southern China last night"; in response, the VUI that is familiar with her preferences would "find" facts about "flooding" in "southern China" from that source, convert it into point-form, and deliver it to her on screen and/or in voice form, complete with a citation. Therefore, accurate [[speech recognition|speech-recognition software]], along with some degree of [[artificial intelligence]] on the part of the machine associated with the VUI, would be required.

== Privacy implications ==
Privacy concerns are raised by the fact that voice commands are available to the providers of voice-user interfaces in unencrypted form, and can thus be shared with third parties and be processed in an unauthorized or unexpected manner.<ref name="Fortune 2019">((cite web|title=Apple, Google, and Amazon May Have Violated Your Privacy by Reviewing Digital Assistant Commands|url=https://fortune.com/2019/08/05/google-apple-amazon-digital-assistants/|date=2019-08-05|website=Fortune|access-date=2020-05-13))</ref><ref name="Hern 2019">((cite web|title=Amazon staff listen to customers' Alexa recordings, report says|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/apr/11/amazon-staff-listen-to-customers-alexa-recordings-report-says|last=Hern|first=Alex|date=2019-04-11|website=the Guardian|access-date=2020-05-21))</ref> Additionally to the linguistic content of recorded speech, a user's manner of expression and voice characteristics can implicitly contain information about his or her biometric identity, personality traits, body shape, physical and mental health condition, sex, gender, [[speech emotion recognition|moods and emotions]], socioeconomic status and geographical origin.<ref name="KrögerLutz2020">((cite book|last1=Kröger|first1=Jacob Leon|last2=Lutz|first2=Otto Hans-Martin|last3=Raschke|first3=Philip|title=Privacy and Identity Management. Data for Better Living: AI and Privacy|year=2020|chapter=Privacy Implications of Voice and Speech Analysis – Information Disclosure by Inference|series=IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology|volume=576|pages=242–258|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-42504-3_16|isbn=978-3-030-42503-6|issn=1868-4238|doi-access=free))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Speech synthesis]]
* [[List of speech recognition software]]
* [[Natural-language user interface]]
* [[User interface design]]
* [[Voice browser]]
* [[Speech recognition in Linux]]
* [[Linguatronic]]
* [[Voice computing]]

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
*[http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20030127.html Voice Interfaces: Assessing the Potential] by Jakob Nielsen
*[http://www.witlingo.com/the-rise-of-voice-timeline/ The Rise of Voice: A Timeline]
*[http://www.witlingo.com/voice-first-glossary-of-terms/ Voice First Glossary of Terms]
*[http://www.witlingo.com/voice-first-books/ Voice First A Reading List]

((User interfaces))
((natural language processing))
((Virtual assistants))

[[Category:User interface techniques]]
[[Category:Voice technology]]
[[Category:Speech recognition]]
[[Category:History of human–computer interaction]]

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