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Voiceless uvular affricate
qꭓ
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAq_X

The voiceless uvular affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨q͡ꭓ⟩ and ⟨q͜ꭓ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q_X. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨qꭓ⟩ in the IPA and qX in X-SAMPA.

There is also the voiceless pre-uvular affricate[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless uvular affricate, though not as front as the prototypical voiceless velar affricate. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨q̟͡ꭓ̟⟩ or ⟨q͡ꭓ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advancedq͡ꭓ⟩) or ⟨k̠͡x̠⟩ (retractedk͡x⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are q_+_X_+ and k_-_x_-, respectively.

Features

Features of the voiceless uvular affricate:

Occurrence

Uvular

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Alemannic Most High and Highest Alemannic dialects Gschänk [ˈkʃæŋq͡ꭓ] 'present' Velar [k͡x] in other dialects.
Adyghe Natukhai кхъэ [q͡ꭓa]  'grave' Dialectal. Corresponds to [qʰ] in other dialects.
Avar хъарахъ [q͡ꭓʰːaˈraq͡ꭓʰː]  'bush' Contrasts with the ejective [q͡ꭓʼː].
English Scouse[2] clock [kl̥ɒq͡ꭓ] 'clock' Possible word-final realization of /k/.[2]
Kabardian кхъэ [q͡ꭓa]  'grave'
Persian Some dialects ﻔل [q͡ꭓofl] 'lock' Fortition of word-initial /q/.

Pre-uvular

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Uzbek[3] quruq [q̟uɾ̪uq̟͡ꭓ̟] 'dry' Allophone of /q/ in word-final and preconsonantal positions.[3]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
  2. ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 372–373.
  3. ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.

References

  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X