Four wheeled vehicle (mostly pulled by draught animals)
A hay wagon in Germany, of a type common throughout Europe (the leiterwagen). The sides are actually ladders attached to serve as containment of hay or grain, and may be removed, such as for hauling timber.
A wagon or waggon is a heavy four-wheeled vehicle pulled by draught animals or on occasion by humans, used for transportinggoods, commodities, agricultural materials, supplies and sometimes people.
Wagons are immediately distinguished from carts (which have two wheels) and from lighter four-wheeled vehicles primarily for carrying people, such as carriages. Animals such as horses, mules, or oxen usually pull wagons. One animal or several, often in pairs or teams may pull wagons. However, there are examples of human-propelled wagons, such as mining corfs.
A wagon was formerly called a wain and one who builds or repairs wagons is a wainwright. More specifically, a wain is a type of horse- or oxen-drawn, load-carrying vehicle, used for agricultural purposes rather than transporting people. A wagon or cart, usually four-wheeled;[1] for example, a haywain, normally has four wheels, but the term has now acquired slightly poetical connotations, so is not always used with technical correctness. However, a two-wheeled "haywain" would be a hay cart, as opposed to a carriage. Wain is also an archaic term for a chariot. Wain can also be a verb, to carry or deliver, and has other meanings.
Contemporary or modern animal-drawn wagons may be of metal instead of wood and have regular wheels with rubber tires instead of traditional wagon wheels.
Wagons have served numerous purposes, with numerous corresponding designs.[4] As with motorized vehicles, some are designed to serve as many functions as possible, while others are highly specialized.
Terminology and design
The exact name and terminology used are often dependent on the design or shape of the wagon. If low and sideless it may be called a dray, trolley or float.[5]: 68, 79, 165 When traveling over long distances and periods, wagons may be covered with cloth to protect their contents from the elements; these are "covered wagons". If it has high sides, with or without a permanent top, it may be called a "van".[5]: 167 A wagon might be unsprung if ordinarily used over rough ground or cobbles.[6]: 442
Farm wagons are built for general multi-purpose usage in an agricultural or rural setting. These include gathering hay, crops and wood, and delivering them to the farmstead or market.[4] Wagons can also be pulled with tractors for easy transportation of those materials.
A common form found throughout Europe is the ladder wagon [de], a large wagon the sides of which often consisted of laddersstrapped in place to hold in hay or grain, though these could be removed to serve other needs.[4] A common type of farm wagon particular to North America is the buckboard.
Freight wagon
Freight wagons are used for the overland hauling of freight and bulk commodities.[7]
In the United States and Canada, the large, heavily built Conestoga wagon was a predominant form of freight wagon in the late 18th and 19th centuries, often used for hauling goods on the Great Wagon Road in the Appalachian Valley and across the Appalachian Mountains.
Even larger wagons were built, such as the twenty-mule team wagons, used for hauling borax from Death Valley, which could haul 36 short tons (32 long tons; 33 t) per pair.[8] The wagons' bodies were 16 feet (4.88 m) long and 6 feet (1.83 m) deep; the rear wheels were 7 feet (2.13 m) in diameter, and the wagons weighed 7,800 pounds (3,500 kg) empty.[8][9]
Freight wagons were designed for hauling loads, not people, and were not built for comfort. In many cases there was no driver's seat or bench, leaving the driver to walk alongside the wagon or ride atop of one of the horses. As a result, many freight wagons had a "lazyboard," a plank that could be pulled out for sitting upon then pushed back when not needed. In America, lazyboards were located on the left side and close to the brake because carts were steered from the left side; the opposite was practiced in Great Britain.[10]
A delivery wagon was used to deliver merchandise such as milk, bread, produce, meat and ice to residential and commercial customers, predominantly in urban settings. The concept of express wagons and of paneled delivery vans developed in the 19th century.[6]: 441–5 By the end of the 19th century, delivery wagons were often finely painted, lettered and varnished, serving as image-builders and rolling advertisements.[11][12] Special forms of delivery wagon include an ice wagon and a milk wagon.
Tank wagons carried liquid cargoes. Water wagons delivered to areas without piped water and for military camp use.[5]: 171 In the early 1900s, the American street flusher used a gas-powered pump to clean city streets of litter or mud, and to wet down dust in dry seasons.[5]: 7, 171 Liquid manure wagons were low tank vehicles for spreading manure on fields in the 1860s-1900s.[5]: 156 Oil wagons operated from the 1880s to 1920s and held up to 500 gallons of oil or spirits.[5]: 123–124
In the city center of Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany, since 1992 the city's plants are irrigated using a horse-drawn wagon with a water tank.[13]
Travelling circuses decorated their wagons to be able to take part in the grand parade—even packing wagons for equipment, animal cage wagons, living vans and band wagons.[5]: 45 Popular in North America was, and still is, the float or show wagon, driven by six horses pulling a highly decorated show wagon with a token payload, and heavily painted with company or owner advertising.[5]: 1 Horse-drawn wagons are popular attractions at tourist destinations for leisurely sightseeing.[5]
During the transition to mechanized vehicles from animal-powered, vehicles were built by coachbuilders and the bodies and undercarriages were substantially similar to the horse-drawn vehicles.
Auto Wagon - early 1900s gas-powered, patterned from the American buggy
High wheeler - 1910s - often made from converted horse-drawn wagons
In modern times, the term station wagon survives as a type of automobile. It describes a car with a passenger compartment that extends to the back of the vehicle, that has no trunk, that has one or more rear seats that can be folded making space for carrying cargo, as well as featuring an opening tailgate or liftgate.[14]
In migration and military settings, wagons were often found in large groups called wagon trains.
In warfare, large groups of supply wagons were used to support traveling armies with food and munitions, forming "baggage trains". During the American Civil War, these wagon trains would often be accompanied by the wagons of private merchants, known as sutlers, who sold goods to soldiers, as well as the wagons of photographers and news reporters.[15] Special purpose-built support wagons existed for blacksmithing, telegraphy and even observation ballooning.[16]
In migration settings, such as the emigrant trails of the American West and the Great Trek of South Africa, wagons would travel together for support, navigation and protection. A group of wagons may be used to create an improvised fort called a laager, made by circling them to form an enclosure. In these settings, a chuckwagon is a small wagon used for providing food and cooking, essentially a portable kitchen.
^ abStratton, Ezra M. (1878). The World on Wheels; or, Carriages, with their Historical Associations from the Earliest to the Present Time, Including a Selection from the American Centennial Exhibition. New York: The author. OCLC3570369. OL7004294M.
^Sanders, Walter R. (1922). Ice Delivery. Chicago: Nickerson & Collins. pp. 170–172.
^"Ein PS für 160 Blumenkübel" [One horsepower for 160 flower pots]. Gmünder Tagespost (in German). 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
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