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((Short description|River in Canterbury, New Zealand))
((Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024))
((Infobox river
| name               = Waiau Toa / Clarence River
| native_name        =((native name|mi|Waiau Toa))
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
| nickname           =
<!---------------------- IMAGE-->
| image              = Clarence River New Zealand 1.jpg
| image_size         = 270px
| image_caption      = The Waiau Toa / Clarence River, as viewed from [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1]] near the river's mouth
| image_alt          = View of the Waiau Toa Clarence River
<!---------------------- MAPS -->
| map                = NZ-Clarence R.png
| map_size           = 270px
| map_caption        = The Waiau Toa / Clarence River system.
| map_alt            = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[New Zealand]]
| subdivision_type2  = Regions
| subdivision_name2  = [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]], [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]]
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length             = ((convert|209|km|mi|abbr=on))
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1            = [[Clarence Pass]]
| source1_location   = [[Spenser Mountains]]
| source1_coordinates= ((Coord|42|6|14|S|172|42|58|E|display=inline))
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| mouth_location     = [[Clarence, New Zealand|Clarence]]
| mouth_coordinates  = ((coord|42|10|S|173|57|E|display=title,inline|region:NZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki))
| mouth_elevation    = [[Sea level]]
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = 
| basin_landmarks    = 
| basin_population   = 
| tributaries_left   = [[Acheron River (Marlborough)|Acheron River]], [[Dillon River (New Zealand)|Dillon River]], [[Gloster River]], [[Bluff River (New Zealand)|Bluff River]]
| tributaries_right  = [[Styx River (North Canterbury)|Styx River]], [[Hossack River]]
| waterbodies        = [[Lake Tennyson]]
| waterfalls         = 
| bridges            = 
| ports              = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
))

The '''Clarence River''' (((Lang-mi|Waiau Toa)); officially '''Waiau Toa / Clarence River''') is a major river which flows through the [[Kaikōura Ranges]] in the northeast of New Zealand's [[South Island]]. At roughly ((convert|209|km|mi)) long, it is the longest river in [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] and the eighth longest in New Zealand.

For its first ((convert|50|km|mi)), the river runs in a generally southeastern direction. It then turns northeast, running down a long straight valley between the Inland and Seaward [[Kaikōura Ranges]].  At the end of the Seaward Kaikōuras, the river meanders through undulating hill country before draining into the [[Pacific Ocean]] near the town of [[Clarence, New Zealand|Clarence]]. A large part of the river is within the boundaries of [[Molesworth Station]].

The river and its tributaries cut through rock formed on the seafloor of the Pacific during the late [[Cretaceous]] through to the middle [[Eocene]], during which period the majority of New Zealand was at points almost entirely submerged.<ref>((cite web |title=The geological history of New Zealand |url=https://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/geologicalHistory.shtml |website=sci.waikato.ac.nz |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=en))</ref> This provides a useful record of this time period, and has contributed to our understanding of several events which took place during that era.<ref name=Hollis2005>((cite journal | author = Hollis, C.J. |author2=Gerald R. Dickens |author3=Bradley D. Field |author4=Craig M. Jones |author5=C. Percy Strong  | title = The Paleocene-Eocene transition at Mead Stream, New Zealand: a southern Pacific record of early Cenozoic global change | year = 2005 | journal =  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume=215 | issue = 3–4| pages=313–343 | doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.09.011))</ref><ref name=Nicolo2007>((cite journal | author = Nicolo, M.J. |author2=Gerald R. Dickens |author3=Christopher J. Hollis |author4=James C. Zachos  | title = Multiple early Eocene hyperthermals: Their sedimentary expression on the New Zealand continental margin and in the deep sea | year = 2007 | journal =  Geology |volume=35 |pages=699–702  | issue = 8| bibcode=2007Geo....35..699N | doi=10.1130/g23648a.1))</ref><ref name=Slotnick2012>((cite journal | author = Slotnick, B.S. |author2=Gerald R. Dickens |author3=Micah J. Nicolo |author4=Christopher J. Hollis |author5=James S. Crampton |author6=James C. Zachos |author7=Appy Sluijs  | title = Large-amplitude variations in carbon cycling and terrestrial weathering during the Latest Paleocene and Earliest Eocene: The record at Mead Stream, New Zealand | year = 2012 | journal =  Journal of Geology | volume=120 | issue = 5| pages=487–505 | bibcode=2012JG....120..487S | doi=10.1086/666743|hdl=1911/88269 |s2cid=55327247 | url=https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/1911/88269/1/666743.pdf | hdl-access=free ))</ref> The area also provides valuable insight into more recent geological events, having been heavily affected by the [[2016 Kaikōura earthquake]].

==History and name==
The area around Waiau Toa has a long history of pre-European habitation and was once one of the most populated areas of the island, with multiple [[iwi]] having ties to the region.<ref name="NgāiTahu">((cite web |title=History of the Waiau-Toa / Clarence River |url=https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/History-of-the-Waiau-toa.pdf |publisher=Ngāi Tahu |access-date=30 December 2021))</ref> While archaeological evidence on the northern side of the river, such as a series of [[midden]]s, suggests early habitation in the area by the [[Waitaha (South Island iwi)|Waitaha]] iwi, the earliest concrete evidence of permanent Māori habitation relates to a [[Kāti Māmoe]] [[pā]] at Waipapa on the southern side of the river mouth.<ref name="NgāiTahu"/><ref name="TattooedLand">((cite book |last1=Brailsford |first1=Barry |title=The tattooed land : the southern frontiers of the pā Māori |date=1981 |publisher=Reed |location=Wellington [N.Z.] |isbn=9780589013158))</ref> A raid on the settlement at Waipapa by [[Rangitāne]] proved instrumental in expanding Māori settlement of the region, as a subsequent attack on Rangitāne by [[Ngāti Kurī]] led to the latter returning captives and marrying into the area. Following a breakdown of the relationship between Ngāti Mamoe and Ngāti Kurī, Waipapa was occupied by Ngāti Kurī, driving Ngāti Mamoe from the area and giving Ngāti Kurī [[mana whenua]] over the region to this day. Further settlements were then established in the area, including at the mouth of the Waiau Toa near a [[Waka (canoe)|waka]] landing site.<ref name="NgāiTahu"/>

The frequency with which the iwi local to Waiau Toa changed is partially related to its importance as a ((Lang|Mi|mahinga kai)) (food gathering place). The area traditionally provided a wide variety of food sources, including birds (such as [[kererū]], [[tūī]], and [[tītī]]), plants (such as [[harakeke]], [[raupō]], and [[Kiekie (plant)|kiekie]]), and seafood (such as [[pāua]], [[Kina (animal)|kina]] and [[Paphies australis|pipi]]).<ref name="NgāiTahu"/> The river's floodplains provided ample fertile soil for the development of gardens, with a large agricultural community developing around the area's many pā farming crops including [[kūmara]], which typically would not be able to grow so far south.<ref name="TattooedLand"/>

The [[Māori language|Māori]] name for the river, Waiau Toa, points to a [[Māori mythology|legend]] regarding this river and the nearby [[Waiau Uwha River]]. Both of these rivers have their sources on either side of the [[St James Range]],((efn|The [[Waiau Uwha River]] originates in the adjacent [[Spenser Mountains]] range)) separated by roughly ((convert|2|km)), before flowing in different directions and ending ((convert|80|km)) apart at their mouths. According to legend, the Waiau Toa and Waiau Uwha were lovers who for reasons unknown were turned into their respective rivers, with the increased flow from snow melt said to represent their weeping from being separated.<ref>((cite book |last1=McLintock |first1=Alexander Hare |author-link=Alexander Hare McLintock |title=WWaiau River, North Canterbury |url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/waiau-river-north-canterbury |website=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand |publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga))</ref>

The origins of the European name for the river are unclear. The name 'Clarence River' first appears on an 1856 chart of the region alongside the Māori name, however this is believed to be a recording of an earlier name in honour of [[King William IV]], who was the [[Duke of Clarence]] prior to his ascension to the throne ((endash)) potentially by local politician and premier [[Frederick Weld]].<ref>((cite web |title=Report on altering Clarence River to Waiau Toa |url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/system/files_force/media/doc/nzgb_waiau-toa_proposal-report_20160420.pdf |publisher=Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand |access-date=30 December 2021))</ref><ref>((cite book |last = Reed |first = A. W. |authorlink = Alexander Wyclif Reed |title = Place Names of New Zealand |year = 2010 |publisher = Raupo |location = Rosedale, North Shore |isbn = 9780143204107 |editor = Peter Dowling |page = 80))</ref> The European and Māori names for the river have been used interchangeably for much of the river's history following European settlement, and in 2018 the river was officially gazetted as Waiau Toa / Clarence River, becoming one of many New Zealand places to have a dual name.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/regulatory/place-names/place-name-consultation/14197 | title= Waiau Toa / Clarence River|date=18 January 2018 | publisher=Land Information New Zealand | access-date=30 January 2018))</ref>

==Geography==
The Clarence River begins near Clarence Pass in the [[Spenser Mountains]], just beyond the northern end of the [[Southern Alps]]. The upper river flows through [[Lake Tennyson]] before joining up with [[Princess Stream]] and [[Serpentine Creek]] and flowing south for roughly ((convert|25|km)) towards [[Hanmer Springs]]. Upon reaching the [[Hanmer Range]]<!-- Q31719546 -->, the river turns and flows east for ((convert|10|km)) and north for a further ((convert|8|km)), taking the river towards [[Molesworth Station]] and its confluence with the [[Acheron River (Marlborough)|Acheron River]]. From here, the Clarence enters a long, straight valley where it separates the Inland and Seaward [[Kaikōura Ranges]], flowing roughly parallel to the coastline and [[Awatere River]]. This portion is popular with [[packraft]]ers for the variety and remoteness it offers.<ref>((cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Martin |title=Waiau Toa - Clarence River (II) |url=https://www.packraftingtrips.nz/waiau-toa-clarence-river-ii/ |website=PackraftingTrips.NZ |access-date=31 December 2021))</ref>

Towards the northern end of the Seaward Kaikōuras, the river turns towards the coast through a gorge historically known as the Sawtooth Gorge before opening to a narrow coastal plain.<ref>((cite book |title=Reports of Geological Explorations: Volume 20 |date=1890 |publisher=New Zealand Geological Survey |location=Wellington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-EQAAAAIAAJ))</ref> It then meanders back to the southwest along the eastern flank of the Seaward Kaikōuras as a [[braided river]] for around ((convert|12|km)) before turning once more to the southeast and emptying into the Pacific Ocean. In total, the river has a length of roughly ((convert|209|km)), making it the 8th longest river in New Zealand.<ref>((cite web |title=New Zealand's longest rivers |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/table/14687/new-zealands-longest-rivers |website=teara.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=en))</ref>

Northern tributaries along the middle segment of the Clarence River (e.g., Mead Stream, Dee Stream, Branch Stream, Muzzle Stream) cut through an uplifted, folded and rotated block of [[limestone]] and [[marl]] that accumulated on the seafloor from the late [[Cretaceous]] through the [[Paleocene]] and middle [[Eocene]] (75–45 million years ago). Exposures of this limestone—the Amuri Limestone—provide some of the most complete records for this time interval of Earth's history. They have provided important insights to our understanding of the [[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]] (PETM), [[Eocene Thermal Maximum 2]] (ETM-2), and other Paleogene hyperthermal events.<ref name="Hollis2005"/><ref name="Nicolo2007"/><ref name="Slotnick2012"/>

The geography of the Clarence is also affected by New Zealand's [[List of earthquakes in New Zealand|frequent earthquakes]]. In the aftermath of the [[2016 Kaikōura earthquake]], a slip blocked the Clarence River ((convert|10|to(-)|12|km)) from its mouth, causing a buildup of water behind it. Due to the risk of flash flooding downstream, residents below the slip were evacuated. The river broke through the debris 16 hours after it occurred.<ref>((cite news |title=Clarence River: Slip causes breach after earthquake damage |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11747820 |access-date=14 November 2016 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=14 November 2016))</ref>

<gallery>
File:Clarence River Valley 110.jpg|Upper reaches of the Clarence River
File:Mt Kruse northern spur 432.jpg|[[Lake Tennyson]] as seen from the south
File:Clarence River mouth.jpg|Mouth of the Clarence River in front of the [[Kaikōura Ranges]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
((Notelist))

==References==
((Reflist))

((ClarenceNZ))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Rivers of the Marlborough Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Canterbury, New Zealand]]
[[Category:Rivers of New Zealand]]

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