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((Short description|One small enough to navigate on foot))
((More citations needed|date=March 2020))

((Redirect|Walking City|the conceptual, moving city|Ron Herron#Walking City))

A '''walking city''' is a type of [[city]] that is created to avoid internal [[Transport|transportation]], and therefore be small enough that a person can use walking to navigate the city. It is characterized by narrow, often winding [[Street|streets]].<ref name=":0">((Cite book|last=L. Schiller|first=Preston|title=An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and Implementation|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|isbn=978-1136541940))</ref> Its transport system is inherently egalitarian, with no one being disadvantaged by a lack of transport, unlike modern [[Automotive city|automotive cities]].<ref name=":0" /> Walkability within areas positively impacts equity, sustainability, health, social benefits, less demand on other modes, economic development, and enjoyment.<ref>((Cite web |title=5 Ways to Make Cities More Walkable |url=https://www.kittelson.com/ideas/five-ways-to-make-cities-more-walkable/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Kittelson & Associates, Inc. |language=en-US))</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Narrow street Aiguèze.jpg|thumb|Narrow streets are a common feature in walking cities, where space is at a premium.]]
Before the advent of machine-powered transportation, walking cities were common, due to land transportation being a scarce commodity. People arranged cities to reduce the amount of one-way trips and the necessary length of these trips.<ref name=":1">((Cite book|last=Schaeffer|first=K. H.|title=Access for All: Transportation and Urban Growth|date=1980|publisher=Columbia University Press|others=Sclar, Elliott|isbn=0-231-05164-6|edition=Columbia University Press Morningside|location=New York|pages=8–9, 14|oclc=6707513))</ref> This meant that features of modern cities such as one-way streets would have been avoided by city planners. Circulation patterns were sought that assured people would travel the least distance. The crooked streets of medieval towns, while seemingly inefficient, were actually created to enable circumferential routes.<ref name=":1" />

In Europe, the walking city was dominant up to 1850, when walking, or at most, horse-drawn transport, was the primary means of movement.<ref name=":0" /> 

Many walking cities around the world became overrun by cars during the 1950s and 1960s, but some gradually reclaimed their walking qualities, such as [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]] and [[Munich]] in [[Germany]] and [[Copenhagen]] in [[Denmark]].<ref name=":0" />

== Features ==
In walking cities, everything was "crammed into the smallest space possible". Streets were by necessity narrow, overhanging upper stories were common, and they were often surrounded by walls for defensive purposes.<ref name=":1" /> Urban planning and policies related to zoning and infrastructure allow modern cities to be more walkable.<ref>((Cite web |date=2017-04-21 |title=Planning and Policy |url=https://www.walkfriendly.org/planning-and-policy/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Walk Friendly Communities |language=en-US))</ref> Urban sprawl and past city planning affects current public transit systems, such as the United States which spends more public tax dollars on transit but is less accessible.<ref>((Cite web |last=Stromberg |first=Joseph |date=2015-08-10 |title=The real reason American public transportation is such a disaster |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/10/9118199/public-transportation-subway-buses |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Vox |language=en))</ref> 
[[File:Edinburgh Royal Mile01.jpg|thumb|Edinburgh, Scotland]]

== Examples ==
Some of the most walkable cities around the world include [[Florence]], [[Athens]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Madrid]], and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Ranked: The World’s Top 50 Most Walkable Cities ((!)) Tourlane |url=https://www.tourlane.com/most-walkable-cities/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.tourlane.com |language=en-US))</ref> The [[walkability]] of an area is determined by factors such as density, functional mix, and access networks. In addition, the [[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]] (ITDP) ranked the walkability of cities according to the closeness to car-free places (100m), closeness to healthcare and education (1km), and by small size of city blocks.<ref>((Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=Study reveals world’s most walkable cities |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2020/oct/15/study-reveals-worlds-most-walkable-cities |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en))</ref> Components including the allocation of funds toward public transit and walkways, as well as zoning and infrastructure changes contribute to the success of walkable cities. In [[Spain]], Madrid combines inner-city transit with light-rail trains to provide over 89% of the population access to the transit system from less than one kilometer away.<ref>((Cite web |title=15 Cities With the Best Public Transportation, Ranked |url=https://www.farandwide.com/s/public-transit-systems-ranked-c5d839d8a48d4da3#:~:text=Shanghai's%20Public%20Transit%20System,where%20they%20need%20to%20go. |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=www.farandwide.com |language=en))</ref> 

== Environmental Impact ==
Walkable cities encourage walking, biking, and public transit opposed to passenger vehicles, which decreases the use of [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]]. In the United States, transportation is the largest contributor of green house gas emissions, accounting for 27% of the total in 2020.<ref>((Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2015-12-29 |title=Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en))</ref> Moreover, increased walkability results in less air and noise pollution, as well as additional land for green space that is not being used by vehicles.<ref>((Cite news |title=Analysis ((!)) Walkable neighborhoods provide health, environmental and financial benefits |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/where-we-live/wp/2017/10/09/walkable-neighborhoods-provide-health-environmental-and-financial-benefits/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |issn=0190-8286))</ref> These factors along with others tackle environmental disproportionality and injustice through ameliorating [[climate change]] and diversifying accessibility. The [[United Nations]] outlines 17 different [[Sustainable Development Goals]] that aim to tackle social and environmental problems.<ref>((Cite web |last=dpicampaigns |title=Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US))</ref> Walking cities address SDG #11: Sustainable Cities and Communities through urban planning that allows access to better transportation.<ref>((Cite web |title=Cities - United Nations Sustainable Development Action 2015 |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US))</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Walkability]]
*[[Automotive city]]
*[[Carfree city]]
*((Annotated link|Most livable cities))
*[[Pedestrian village]]
*[[Transit-oriented development]]
*[[Urban vitality]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

[[Category:Cities by type]]

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City quality of life indices (edit)
Most livable cities (edit)
Walking City (edit)
Walking city (edit)
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