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((Short description|Royal Navy admiral (1871–1956)))
((about||the Canadian politician|Walter Davy Cowan|the Scottish footballer|Walter Cowan (footballer)))
((moresources|date=January 2023))
((Use dmy dates|date=May 2021))
((Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix   = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
|name          = Sir Walter Cowan
|honorific_suffix   = ((postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|KCB|DSO*|MVO))
|image= Rear-admiral Sir Walter Henry Cowan, Kcb, Mvo, Dso - 1920 Art.IWMART3143.jpg
|image_size= 
|alt= 
|caption= Rear-Admiral Sir Walter Henry Cowan, 1920, by [[Leonard Campbell Taylor]]
|office        = [[First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp]] to [[King George V|HM The King]]
|term_start    = 1930
|term_end      = 1931
|office2        = [[North America and West Indies Station|Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station]]
|term_start2    = 1926
|term_end2      = 1928
|office3        = [[Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland|Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland]]
|term_start3    = 1925
|term_end3      = 1926
|office4        = [[Rear-Admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]] Commanding [[Battlecruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|Battlecruiser Squadron]]
|term_start4    = 1921
|term_end4      = 1923
|office5        = [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]]/[[Rear-Admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral]] Commanding [[1st Light Cruiser Squadron]]
|term_start5    = June 1917
|term_end5      = 1920
|nickname= Tich
|birth_name    = Walter Henry Cowan
|birth_date= ((birth date|1871|06|11|df=yes))
|birth_place= [[Crickhowell]], [[Brecknockshire]], Wales
|death_date= ((death date and age|1956|02|14|1871|06|11|df=yes))
|death_place= 
|placeofburial= 
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[Royal Navy]]<br/>[[British Commandos]]
|serviceyears= 1884–1931<br/>1941–1945
|rank= [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
|servicenumber= 
|unit= 
|commands= [[North America and West Indies Station|America and West Indies Station]] (1926–28)<br/>[[Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland|Coast of Scotland]] (1925–26)<br/>[[Battlecruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|Battlecruiser Squadron]] (1921–23)<br/>((nowrap|[[1st Light Cruiser Squadron]] (1917–20)))<br/>((HMS|Princess Royal|1911|6)) (1915–17)<br/>((HMS|Zealandia||6)) (1914–15)<br/>((HMS|Gloucester|1909|6)) (1910–12)<br/>((HMS|Cressy|1899|6)) (1909–10)<br/>((HMS|Sapphire|1904|6)) (1907–09)<br/>((HMS|Skirmisher|1905|6)) (1905–07)<br/>((HMS|Falcon|1899|6)) (1904–05)
|battles= [[Mahdist War]]<br/>[[Second Boer War]]<br/>[[First World War]]
* [[Battle of Jutland]]
* [[Second Battle of Heligoland Bight]]
[[Estonian War of Independence]]<br>[[Russian Civil War]]<br/>[[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Bar]]<br/>[[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]]<br/>[[Mentioned in Despatches]] (3)<br/>[[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|Cross of Liberty]] (Estonia)
|relations= 
|laterwork= 
))
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''Sir Walter Henry Cowan, 1st Baronet''', ((postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCB|DSO1|MVO)) (11 June 1871 – 14 February 1956), known as '''Tich Cowan''', was a [[Royal Navy]] officer who saw service in both the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s; in the latter he was one of the oldest British servicemen on active duty.

==Early life==
Cowan was born in [[Crickhowell]], in [[Brecknockshire]], Wales, on 11 June 1871, the eldest son of Walter Frederick James Cowan, an officer in the [[Royal Welch Fusiliers]]. After his father's retirement from the [[British Army]], the family settled in [[Alveston, Warwickshire]], where his father became a [[justice of the peace]].

Cowan never went to school, but entered the [[Royal Navy]] in 1884 at the training ship,<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/COWAN1.shtml Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives]</ref> [[HMS Prince of Wales (1860)|HMS ''Britannia'']], a classmate to fellow future admiral [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]].

==Early service career==
In 1886, as [[Midshipman|midshipmen]], Cowan and Beatty joined ((HMS|Alexandra|1875|6)), [[flagship]] of the [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean Fleet]]. Cowan saw service in [[Benin Empire|Benin]] and [[Nigeria]] in 1887.<ref name=lh/> He fell sick and was invalided home after less than a year, but later rejoined ''Alexandra'', returning with her to Britain in 1889. He then joined ((HMS|Volage|1869|6)) in the Training Squadron and was commissioned as a [[sub-lieutenant]] in 1890. He was appointed to ((HMS|Boadicea|1875|6)), flagship of the [[East Indies Station|East India Station]]. In 1892 he was promoted [[lieutenant]] and became [[first lieutenant]] of the [[gunboat]] ((HMS|Redbreast|1889|6)).<ref name=lh/> However, in 1893 he was invalided home with [[dysentery]].

In 1894, Cowan was appointed to the [[light cruiser]] ((HMS|Barrosa|1889|6)) off [[West Africa]].<ref name=lh/> During this time he participated in a number of expeditions against native and Arab insurgents.<ref name=lh/> In 1898, he was appointed to the [[destroyer]] ((HMS|Boxer|1894|6)) in the Mediterranean, but only stayed in her for six months before being given command of the [[Nile]] gunboat ((HMS|Sultan||6)). He saw action in the [[Mahdist War]], taking part in the [[Battle of Atbara]] and the [[Battle of Omdurman]]. He then commanded the entire Nile gunboat flotilla during the [[Fashoda Incident]].<ref name=lh/> He received the [[Distinguished Service Order]] for these actions.

Cowan then participated in the [[Second Boer War]], acting as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] and then to [[Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]].<ref name=lh/> Returning to England in 1901, Cowan was appointed first lieutenant of the [[battleship]] ((HMS|Prince George|1895|6)). In June 1901 he was promoted [[commander]] at the early age of thirty, and in May the following year he was appointed to the battleship ((HMS|Resolution|1892|6)), coast guard ship at [[Holyhead]].<ref>((Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=2 May 1902 |page=8 |issue=36757))</ref> He later took command of the destroyer ((HMS|Falcon|1899|6)) and acted as second-in-command of the [[Devonport, Devon|Devonport]] destroyer flotilla under [[Roger Keyes]], who was then developing new destroyer tactics. They became firm friends. Cowan commanded several more destroyers, acquiring a widespread reputation as a destroyer captain, and then succeeded Keyes in command of the flotilla. In 1904 he was appointed [[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]]. In 1905 he took command of ((HMS|Skirmisher|1905|6)) and he was promoted [[Captain (Royal Navy)|captain]] in 1906. He transferred to the [[cruiser]] ((HMS|Sapphire|1904|6)) in 1907. In 1908, he took command of all destroyers of the [[Channel Fleet]]. In 1909, he transferred to the Third Division of the Home Fleet with command of the nucleus-crewed ((HMS|Cressy|1899|6)), and in 1910 he became captain of the new light cruiser ((HMS|Gloucester|1909|6)). In 1912, Cowan became Assistant to [[John de Robeck]], who was then Admiral of Patrols.

==First World War==
In 1914, shortly before the outbreak of the [[First World War]], Cowan was given command of the old pre-dreadnought ((HMS|Zealandia||6)).<ref name=lh/> Six months later he took over the 26,270 ton ((HMS|Princess Royal|1911|6)),<ref name=lh/> as [[flag captain]] to [[Osmond Brock]]. He commanded her at the [[Battle of Jutland]],<ref name=lh/> where she was badly damaged. He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in 1916.

In June 1917 Cowan was made [[Commodore (RN)|commodore]] of the [[1st Light Cruiser Squadron]],<ref name=lh/> which he led at the [[Second Battle of Heligoland Bight]] on 17 November 1917. In 1918 he was promoted [[rear admiral]], staying in command of the squadron.

==The Baltic==
In January 1919 the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron [[British campaign in the Baltic (1918–19)|was sent]] to the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=lh/> Cowan's mission was to keep the sea lanes open to the new republics of Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, which were under threat of being overrun by Soviet Russia. The squadron support enabled them to [[Estonian War of Independence|secure their freedom]]. During the course of this campaign, [[coastal motor boat]]s attached to Cowan's command sank one [[Bolshevik]] battleship and a cruiser at [[Kronstadt]] naval base. [[Augustus Agar]] received the [[Victoria Cross]] for his part in these events. [[Andrew Browne Cunningham]], later Britain's leading [[Second World War]] admiral, commanded Cowan's destroyers in [[British campaign in the Baltic (1918–19)|this campaign]]. Cowan's forceful diplomacy ensured a successful mission, for which he was advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in 1919 and created a [[baronet]], "of the Baltic", in the [[1921 New Year Honours]].<ref>((London Gazette|issue=32178|supp=y|page=2|date=31 December 1920))</ref><ref>((London Gazette |issue=32265 |date=22 March 1921 |page=2301))</ref> He was awarded the [[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|Cross of Liberty (VR I/1)]] of Estonia.

==Between the wars==
In 1921, Cowan was appointed to command the [[Battlecruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|Battlecruiser Squadron]],<ref name=lh/> flying his flag in ((HMS|Hood|51|6)). He was unemployed from 1923 to 1925, although he was promoted [[vice admiral]] in 1923. In 1925 he was appointed [[Flag Officer Scotland, Northern England, Northern Ireland|Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Scotland]] and,<ref name=lh/> in 1926, [[North America and West Indies Station|Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station]],<ref name=lh/> holding the command until 1928, with his shore headquarters at [[Admiralty House, Bermuda|Admiralty House Clarence Hill]], across the mouth of the [[Great Sound]] from the station's base at the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] in the [[Imperial fortress]] [[British Overseas Territory|colony]] of [[Bermuda]]. He was promoted [[admiral]] in 1927. His final appointment was as [[First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp]] to the King in 1930. He retired in 1931.<ref name=lh/>

==Second World War==
During the [[Second World War]], Cowan was given a job by his old friend [[Roger Keyes]], then head of the [[Commandos (United Kingdom)|Commandos]]. Cowan voluntarily took the lower rank of [[commander]] and went to Scotland in 1941 to train the newly formed corps in small boat handling.<ref name=lh/> He managed to get himself sent to the [[North African campaign|North African theatre of operations]] with the Commandos. Shortly after arrival he saw action at the second Battle of [[Mechili]] in April 1941.

In May 1941, in his 72nd year, Cowan took part in two abortive seaborne raids with [[No. 8 (Guards) Commando]] involving an expedition along the North Egyptian and [[Cyrenaica]] coast aboard ((HMS|Aphis||6)), a river gun-boat from the [[China Station]] with a top speed of 12 knots. The expeditions were repeatedly attacked from the air over several days by [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces before being constrained to abandon the endeavour on the second attempt through battle damage to the boat's rudder mechanism, which limited it to going around in circles in repetition. During the incessant attacks, with scores of bombs splashing into the sea about the vessel, Cowan (believed by the commandos in whose midst he was, to be seeking a heroic death in action) was regularly to be seen on the deck blazing away at the oncoming hostile aircraft with a [[Tommy Gun]].<ref>'When the Grass Stops Growing', by Carol Mather. (Pub. Leo Cooper, 1997), Page 43.</ref>

Cowan also saw action subsequently at the [[Battle of Bir Hakeim]], where, having attached himself to the [[British Indian Army|Indian]] [[18th King Edward VII's Own Cavalry]], he was captured on 27 May 1942,<ref name=lh/> having fought an Italian [[tank]] crew single-handedly armed only with a [[revolver]]. He was repatriated in 1943 under an agreement with Italy whereby some 800 Italian seamen interned in neutral Saudi Arabia from the [[Red Sea Flotilla]] were exchanged for a similar number of British prisoners of war. An unusual feature was that there was no stipulation about the men's future activities and they were free to return to action. Accordingly, Cowan rejoined the commandos and saw action again in Italy during 1944. He was awarded a [[Medal bar|Bar]] to his Distinguished Service Order for "gallantry, determination and undaunted devotion to duty as Liaison Officer with Commandos in the attack and capture of [[Mount Ornito]], Italy and during attacks on the islands of [[Solta]], [[Mljet]] and [[Brač|Brac]] in the Adriatic, all of which operations were carried out under very heavy fire from the enemy".<ref>((London Gazette|issue=36687 |supp=y| date=1 September 1944|page=4125))</ref>

Cowan retired once more in 1945. After the war he was invited to become the [[Colonel (United Kingdom)#Honorary Colonel|honorary colonel]] of the [[18th King Edward's Own Cavalry]], and visited India to receive the post, which he considered the greatest he had attained in his extensive military career.<ref>((London Gazette|issue=37795|page=5734|date=22 November 1946))</ref>

==Death and tribute==
[[File:ENS Cowan vapp.jpg|thumb|Crest of the Estonian ship ((EML|Admiral Cowan|M313|2))]]
Cowan died on 14 February 1956, in his 85th year. The [[Cowan baronets|Cowan Baronetcy]] became extinct on his death.

In 2007 the [[Estonian Navy]] named a British-made [[minehunter]] of the ((sclass|Sandown|minehunter|4)) the ((EML|Admiral Cowan|M313|2)).<ref>[http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/021/ER_39.pdf Estonian Review<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211258/http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/021/ER_39.pdf |date=27 September 2007 ))</ref> The ship's crest is based on Cowan's family arms. Memorials in the Estonian capital [[Tallinn]], in the Latvian capital [[Riga]] and in [[Portsmouth Cathedral]] commemorate the 110 men of the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force killed in the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] action of 1919.

==Footnotes==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
*''Cowan's War, The British Naval Action in the Baltic in 1919'' by [[Geoffrey Bennett (historian)|Geoffrey Bennett]] (1964). Republished in 2002 as ''Freeing the Baltic''. ((ISBN|1-84341-001-X))
*''Sound of the guns, being an account of the wars and service of Admiral Sir Walter Cowan'' by Lionel George Dawson, (Pen-in-hand, Oxford, 1949)

==External links==
*((DP-xlink|http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Walter_Henry_Cowan,_First_Baronet))
*[http://www.hmshood.com/crew/biography/cowan_bio.htm HMS Hood Association biography]

((S-start))
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((Succession box| title=[[Battlecruiser Squadron (United Kingdom)|Commander, Battlecruiser Squadron]] | before=[[Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes|Sir Roger Keyes]] | after=[[Frederick Field (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Frederick Field]]| years=1921–1923))
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((succession box|title=[[North America and West Indies Station|Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station]]|before=[[James Fergusson (Royal Navy officer)|Sir James Fergusson]]|after=[[Cyril Fuller|Sir Cyril Fuller]]|years=1926–1928))
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((DEFAULTSORT:Cowan, Walter))
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Crickhowell]]
[[Category:People from Stratford-on-Avon District]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Mahdist War]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:People of the Estonian War of Independence]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Benin Expedition of 1897]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Powys]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Warwickshire]]

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Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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