Wanli | |||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 萬曆 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 万历 | ||||||||
Literal meaning | "ten thousand calendars" | ||||||||
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Wanli (萬曆; 2 February 1573 – 27 August 1620; Qing dynasty avoided the naming taboo of Hongli 弘曆, the Qianlong Emperor, and wrote 曆 as 歷, 厯, 厤) was the era name of the Wanli Emperor, the 14th emperor of Ming dynasty of China. The Ming dynasty used this era name for a total of 48 years, which was the longest used era name by the Ming dynasty.
In the early Wanli period, Zhang Juzheng led the implementation of a series of reform measures; the economy and society continued to develop; the foreign military also won successive victories; and the imperial court showed a restoration atmosphere. It was known in historiography as the "Wanli Restoration" (萬曆中興). Later, due to the succession dispute (國本之爭), the Wanli Emperor was prevented by his ministers from making his beloved son the crown prince, and he was so angry that he did not go to court for thirty years. It was known in historiography as the "Wanli's negligence" (萬曆怠政). During this period, the Wanli Emperor allowed the court officials to fight against each other, and the Donglin factional strife (東林黨爭) emerged; they used the Three Cases of the late Ming dynasty (明末三案) to fight each other, which eventually led to the fall of the Ming dynasty.
On 28 August 1620 (Wanli 48, 1st day of the 8th month), the Taichang Emperor ascended to the throne and continued to use it. The following year, the era was changed to Taichang. However, the Taichang Emperor died on 26 September (1st day of the 9th month) and reigned for only 30 days. On 1 October (6th day of the 9th month), after the Tianqi Emperor ascended to the throne, he issued an edict on 25 October (20th day of the 9th month) to change "the 8th month of the 48th year of the Wanli era" to "the first year of the Taichang era", and the following year, the era was changed to Tianqi.[1][2]
Wanli | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
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AD | 1573 | 1574 | 1575 | 1576 | 1577 | 1578 | 1579 | 1580 | 1581 | 1582 |
Gānzhī 干支 |
Guǐyǒu 癸酉 |
Jiǎxū 甲戌 |
Yǐhài 乙亥 |
Bǐngzǐ 丙子 |
Dīngchǒu 丁丑 |
Wùyín 戊寅 |
Jǐmǎo 己卯 |
Gēngchén 庚辰 |
Xīnsì 辛巳 |
Rénwǔ 壬午 |
Wanli | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
AD | 1583 | 1584 | 1585 | 1586 | 1587 | 1588 | 1589 | 1590 | 1591 | 1592 |
Gānzhī 干支 |
Guǐwèi 癸未 |
Jiǎshēn 甲申 |
Yǐyǒu 乙酉 |
Bǐngxū 丙戌 |
Dīnghài 丁亥 |
Wùzǐ 戊子 |
Jǐchǒu 己丑 |
Gēngyín 庚寅 |
Xīnmǎo 辛卯 |
Rénchén 壬辰 |
Wanli | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
AD | 1593 | 1594 | 1595 | 1596 | 1597 | 1598 | 1599 | 1600 | 1601 | 1602 |
Gānzhī 干支 |
Guǐsì 癸巳 |
Jiǎwǔ 甲午 |
Yǐwèi 乙未 |
Bǐngshēn 丙申 |
Dīngyǒu 丁酉 |
Wùxū 戊戌 |
Jǐhài 己亥 |
Gēngzǐ 庚子 |
Xīnchǒu 辛丑 |
Rényín 壬寅 |
Wanli | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 |
AD | 1603 | 1604 | 1605 | 1606 | 1607 | 1608 | 1609 | 1610 | 1611 | 1612 |
Gānzhī 干支 |
Guǐmǎo 癸卯 |
Jiǎchén 甲辰 |
Yǐsì 乙巳 |
Bǐngwǔ 丙午 |
Dīngwèi 丁未 |
Wùshēn 戊申 |
Jǐyǒu 己酉 |
Gēngxū 庚戌 |
Xīnhài 辛亥 |
Rénzǐ 壬子 |
Wanli | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | ||
AD | 1613 | 1614 | 1615 | 1616 | 1617 | 1618 | 1619 | 1620 | ||
Gānzhī 干支 |
Guǐchǒu 癸丑 |
Jiǎyín 甲寅 |
Yǐmǎo 乙卯 |
Bǐngchén 丙辰 |
Dīngsì 丁巳 |
Wùwǔ 戊午 |
Jǐwèi 己未 |
Gēngshēn 庚申 |