.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important))You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (October 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,525 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua baniva de Maroa]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template ((Translated|pt|Língua baniva de Maroa)) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Warekena
Baniwa of Maroa
Baniwa of Guainía
Guarequena
Native toBrazil, Venezuela
Native speakers
650 (2001–2006)[1]
ca. 200 (1999)[2]
Arawakan
Dialects
  • Warekena do rio Xié
Language codes
ISO 639-3gae
Glottologguar1293
ELPGuarequena

Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baré and Baniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished as Baniva de Maroa or Baniva de Guainía.

There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).

Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.

Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[3]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
cen. lat.
Nasal m n
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t ts k
voiced b d dz ɡ
Fricative voiceless ʂ
voiced ʐ
Rhotic tap ɾ ɺ
trill r
Approximant w j

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e
Low a

/u/ can also range to [o].[4]

Grammar

Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.[3]

AVO:

wa-hã

then-PAUS

waʃi

jaguar

yutʃia-hã

kill-PAUS

ema

tapir

wa-hã waʃi yutʃia-hã ema

then-PAUS jaguar kill-PAUS tapir

"Then the jaguar killed the tapir" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

VSo:

ʃupe-hẽ

many-PAUS

ʃiani-pe

child-PL

ʃupe-hẽ ʃiani-pe

many-PAUS child-PL

"Children are many" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

SaV:

peya

one

nu-yaɺitua

1sg-brother

wiyua

die

peya nu-yaɺitua wiyua

one 1sg-brother die

"One of my brothers dies"

SioV:

nu-yue

1sg-for

mawali

hungry

nu-yue mawali

1sg-for hungry

"I am hungry"

Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.

References

  1. ^ Warekena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.
  3. ^ a b Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1998). "Warekena". In Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439. doi:10.1515/9783110822120. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
  4. ^ Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005). Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva (PhD thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.


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