The park's theme is based on Warner Bros. and related DC Comics properties. Jointly developed by Pivot Leisure, Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow, the park was designed by C. V. Wood in 1989 to adjoin the existing film studio complex. Movie World is Australia's only film-related theme park, and the oldest of the three Warner Bros. theme parks worldwide (the other two located at Madrid and Abu Dhabi). It recorded 1.3 million visitors in 2007 and ranked third in yearly attendance (behind Sea World and Dreamworld) for Australian theme parks.
The park contains movie-themed rides, attractions and shows. Various costumed characters regularly patrol the park to interact and take photos with guests. Each afternoon, characters participate in a parade along the park's Main Street. The park hosts several seasonal events annually, such as the Halloween-themed Fright Nights and Christmas-themed White Christmas. DC Rivals HyperCoaster, opened in 2017, is the most recent among the park's six operating roller coasters.
The Fountain of Fame, Movie World's entrance plaza
In October 1988, Village Roadshow acquired a large lot of swampy land adjacent the studio complex from investment company Ariadne Australia (who had been crippled by the 1987 Black Mondaystock market crash). The following month, Village Roadshow persuaded Warner Bros. to acquire 50% of the studio, and a theme park provisionally named Warner World was announced to be built on the recently acquired land. Warner Bros. moreover recognised the value proposition in the theme park than in the studio.[d][2] In July 1989, the two companies entered a joint venture to develop the park with Pivot Leisure, part-owners of a property trust in the local marine mammal parkSea World.[e][12] As part of the deal, the nearby Cades County water park (now Wet'n'Wild Gold Coast) was acquired from Ariadne as well.[16][17] That year, they commissioned C.V. Wood to design the theme park. He had six park designs in his portfolio at the time, including Six Flags Over Texas and Disneyland.[18] He modelled the layout on similar parks such as Universal Studios Hollywood and Disney-MGM Studios Theme Park.[19] The park was scaled such that guests could visit all attractions in a single day, even during peak periods,[18] and to support up to 13,000 daily guests.[20] The 16-month park construction relied on labour from local workers as much as possible,[19] and cost an estimated AU$120-140 million.[18][20]
Main Street before the 2008 roof construction
The opening ceremony held on 2 June 1991 was attended by more than 5,000 people, among them celebrities such as Clint Eastwood, Mel Gibson, Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell.[20][21] To mark the occasion, Queensland PremierWayne Goss cut novelty film reel with Eastwood and Bugs Bunny.[20] That evening, a special edition episode of Hey Hey It's Saturday ("Hey Hey Goes to the Movies") was shot on-location; host Daryl Somers interviewed many of the celebrities in attendance such as Eastwood and Russell.[22][23] The park opened to the general public the following day, 3 June.[21] Between 400 and 500 new jobs were created at the park upon its opening.[24][18] The initial guest admission fee was $29 for adults and $19 for children.[18] With increased international tourism to the Gold Coast since the 1980s,[2] Village Roadshow had hoped to tap into a market with American and Japanese customers; park attractions were subtitled, and tour guides were trained, in Japanese language.[f][18] It was variously described as the world's first "movie-based theme park" built outside the United States[26] and the first "American-style" theme park since Tokyo Disneyland,[18] and was expected to draw between 1 and 1.5 million visitors within its first year.[g][27][28][25]
Opening attractions at Movie World focused on education about and involvement with the behind the scenes of filmmaking.[29] Marketing slogans billed Movie World as "Hollywood on the Gold Coast" and its design was intended to capture the aesthetic of American theme parks such as Disneyland and Universal Studios.[28][30] Beyond the Fountain of Fame opening plaza, Main Street featured replicas of buildings and facades from various Warner Bros. films, such as Rick's Café Américain from Casablanca, the bank robbed during Bonnie and Clyde and the Daily Planet building from Superman.[30][27] There was a tram ride through and tour of the film studio.[21] Part of the tour was the Movie Magic Special Effects Show, which involved audience participation on a live set.[25][30] There were two live stunt shows, each with several performances daily: the Western Action Show featured actors performing amusing stunts with live animals,[30] and the hour-long Police Academy Stunt Show staged shoot-out and car chase stunts for an audience of 1,500.[25]Warner Bros. Classics & Great Gremlins Adventure was an interactive dark ride attraction where guests would escape from a gremlin invasion of a studio set.[27][25] Young Einstein Gravity Homestead was a walk-through attraction based on the 1988 film Young Einstein, which featured sloped floors and optical illusions to simulate the various effects of gravity. The Roxy Theatre screened 3D films. The Looney Tunes Land children's area featured several attractions including the Looney Tunes River Ride, a dark water ride,[27] and the Looney Tunes Musical Revue live show.[31]
On Boxing Day 1997, Looney Tunes Land reopened as Looney Tunes Village with several new rides[45][46] and Marvin the Martian in 3D opened at the Roxy Theatre as the world's first animated 3D film.[43][47] Boxing Day 1998 saw the opening of the Wild Wild West (now Wild West Falls Adventure Ride). The $18 million flume ride manufactured by Hopkins Rides was at its time the largest single ride investment in Australia and featured an approximately 400 m (1,300 ft) wide, 32 m (105 ft) tall artificial mountain.[48][49] The ride was originally to be called Rio Bravo after the 1959 Westernfilm of the same name,[48] but was renamed to tie-in with the 1999 film Wild Wild West.[50] In their 1999 annual report, Village Roadshow identified Wild Wild West as a crowd-pleaser and attributed it to a spike in attendance that year.[51] In 2000, Young Einstein Gravity Homestead closed[52] and the Looney Tunes Musical Revue was relocated to make way for a new attraction.[53] Opened on Boxing Day, the attraction was Road Runner Rollercoaster, Movie World's second coaster and a Junior model manufactured by Vekoma.[54][55] It was Australia's first junior coaster.[56]
The 2000s
During 2001, the Maverick Show and Great Gremlin Adventure attractions closed[38][57] and the Looney Tunes Splash Zone was added to Looney Tunes Village.[58] Two new attractions opened on Boxing Day: Batman Adventure – The Ride 2, a refurbishment of the original ride, and the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience.[59][60] Built on the Gravity Homestead's footprint,[52] the $2 million Harry Potter attraction was a direct tie-in to the film series' first film, the Philosopher's Stone, and featured a walk-through Diagon Alley replica and a live owl show.[h][61] The following year, it was updated with the release of the Chamber of Secrets[62] to feature various set-pieces from the film such as the flying car and creatures of the Forbidden Forest.[63]Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster, the park's third roller coaster, opened on 17 June 2002.[64] The $13 million indoorWild Mouse coaster manufactured by Mack Rides was themed to the 2002 film Scooby-Doo.[64][65] The ride features ghost train elements and an elevator lift, followed by a coaster section.[64][66]
In 2003, the Harry Potter attraction closed and was replaced by The Official Matrix Exhibit in September;[67] the walkthrough attraction featured props from the Matrix film series.[68] While the park was closed on 5 December 2003, a fire caused more than $1 million in damage to Wild West Falls' upper section;[69][70] the ride was repaired and reopened several weeks later.[71] By 2005, Village Roadshow had announced expansion plans totalling $65 million for their Gold Coast parks, in which Movie World would receive a share with two new attractions.[72][73] The Marvin the Martian film closed[47] and the Roxy Theatre was refurbished for its replacement, Shrek 4-D. Opened on 17 September, the film experience used sensory effects, moving seats and animatronics.[74][75] The second attraction and the park's fourth coaster, Superman Escape, opened on Boxing Day. The $16 million Accelerator Coaster manufactured by Intamin[76][77] was the park's first major thrill ride in about a decade;[73] it was ranked 16th among steel coasters on Mitch Hawker's 2006 "best roller coaster" poll.[78] As a result of the coaster's construction, the Special Effects Show closed and the Musical Revue moved again.[79][53]
Batwing Spaceshot, a $5 million Space Shot manufactured by S&S Power, opened on 20 December 2006.[80][81] During the year, Village Roadshow acquired Warner Bros.' stake in their theme park division but maintained the latter's license and branding.[82] In 2007, the Matrix Exhibit was replaced by bumper cars and the County Fair Fun 'n' Games arcade.[83] Looney Tunes Village was renamed to Kids' WB Fun Zone and two new rides were added.[84] At the year's end, Village Roadshow published specific park attendance for the first time;[85] Movie World had received 1.32 million visitors that year.[86] Police Academy Stunt Show drew its final curtain call on 30 April 2008 after 16 years and 18,000 performances; the enduringly popular attraction was among the world's longest-running stunt shows at the time.[87][88] Its replacement, the $10 million Hollywood Stunt Driver, opened on Boxing Day. A cast of 10 stunt drivers was selected from more than 200 applicants, and in preparation for the show, the venue was renovated to increase its stage area and seating capacity from 1,400 to 2,000 guests.[89] The Musical Revue was replaced by a new live show, Looney Tunes: What's Up Rock?.[90][91] In October, construction of a roof over Main Street was completed.[90] The 4,000 square metre (43,000 sq ft) roof supplied by MakMax Australia was designed to improve guest protection from the elements and provided for a 2,000-person capacity venue for functions and events.[92][93]
2011 saw the closure of two attractions; Looney Tunes River Ride in February[94] and Batman Adventure – The Ride 2 in October.[95] Showtime FMX's MotoMonster Xtreme show temporarily replaced Hollywood Stunt Driver from 26 June through to 18 July 2011 as alternative winter holiday entertainment.[96]Green Lantern Coaster, the park's fifth coaster, soft opened on 16 December before officially opening on 23 December.[97][98] The $10 million El Loco coaster manufactured by S&S Worldwide features a 120.5° drop angle–the Southern Hemisphere's steepest and world's third-steepest.[99][100]Lethal Weapon – The Ride closed in January 2012 for a $2 million refurbishment. The coaster received a new train manufactured by Kumbak with lap bar restraints and on-board audio.[101] It was renamed Arkham Asylum – Shock Therapy and its station building was extensively rethemed; the adjacent courtyard (Lethal Weapon's former queue area) was turned into a mock-jailhouse exercise yard, and the building transformed into an Arkham Asylum overrun by the Joker and his cohorts.[102] The ride reopened in April.[40]
Housed in the former Batman Adventure - The Ride 2 building, Justice League: Alien Invasion 3D opened on 22 September 2012 and incorporated world-first animatronics and 3D projection technologies.[103][104] The $9 million interactive dark ride attraction was manufactured by Sally Corporation, with additional technologies provided by Alterface, Threshold Entertainment, Bertazzon and others.[105] The Hollywood Stunt Driver stunt show closed and was replaced by Hollywood Stunt Driver 2 on 20 February 2014, a revamped show that features Showtime FMX motocross riders who perform more thrilling stunts than before.[106] The Junior Driving School, where riders navigate a miniature replica of the theme park, opened at the Kids' WB Fun Zone on 12 September. Built on Looney Tunes River Ride's footprint, the ride was planned to open in 2013 but was delayed as Village Roadshow reallocated investment towards an expansion of Sea World's Polar Bear Shores attraction.[107][108] Festivities and a parade commemorated the park's 25th anniversary on 3 June 2016.[109] The DC Comics Super-Villains Unleashed interactive precinct opened on 24 September, built on the site of the former Boot Hill Graveyard. The area's main attraction is Doomsday Destroyer (its namesake the DC villain), a Suspended Twin Hammer thrill ride designed by Intamin.[110]
Planning and development applications for the park's sixth coaster were submitted by November 2015 and vertical construction began in April 2017. DC Rivals HyperCoaster opened on 27 September 2017. At a total cost of $30 million, it remains the single largest ride investment in Village Roadshow's history.[111] With Tower of Terror II's 2019 closure,[112] DC Rivals HyperCoaster remains Australia's tallest,[113] fastest[114] and longest roller coaster.[115] An Aquaman film exhibition opened on 13 December 2018 and featured props and costumes from the film.[116] Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster closed for an extended maintenance period from July to November 2018. During this time, the ride was refurbished with new projection mapping technologies and other special effects.[117] The rebranded Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster: Next Generation opened on 15 December.[118] The WB Studio Showcase, opened on 1 November 2019, exhibits props, sets and costumes from numerous Warner Bros-distributed films such as Suicide Squad, Mad Max: Fury Road and A Star Is Born.[119] Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the park temporarily closed from 22 March 2020[120] and reopened on 15 July at 50% guest capacity with various social distancing and sanitisation policies.[121][122]
Park layout
A float from the daily Star Parade
Movie World is located in Oxenford on the Gold Coast, Queensland, approximately 20 km (13 miles) from Surfers Paradise.[2][18] It is part of a 154-hectare (380.5-acre) entertainment precinct along with other Village-Roadshow operated properties including the adjacent film studio and nearby Wet'n'Wild Gold Coast, Australian Outback Spectacular and Paradise Country.[123] The park can be divided into five broad sections: Main Street, Kids' WB Fun Zone, the wild west area, DC Comics Super-Villains Unleashed and the DC Comics superhero hub.[124]
Just beyond the main gate is the entrance plaza, which encircles its centrepiece, the Fountain of Fame. Main Street continues to the north-west, with guest services, dining, gift shops and other amenities lining the footpaths. The Roxy Theatre off Main Street screens 4D films daily;[125] its current attraction is The Lego Movie: 4D – A New Adventure.[126] Main Street's main courtyard hosts the Looney Tunes Dance Party. The Hollywood Stunt Driver live show, performed several times daily, features stunt motorcycles and rally cars.[127] The Scooby-Doo Spooky Coaster features a dark ride section with audio-animatronics, projections and booby traps, and a coaster section with a backwards drop at 44.6 km/h (27.7 mph) and tight, unbanked turns.[118][128] Each afternoon, various costumed characters (such as DC Comics superheroes and villains, Austin Powers, Scooby-Doo and Shaggy, and Looney Tunes characters) participate in the Streets Star parade with vehicle and movie-themed floats along Main Street and around the Fountain of Fame.[129]
Kids' WB Fun Zone is a children's area themed to the Looney Tunes cartoons featured on Kids' WB Australia.[130] The zone features several children's attractions from bumper cars to carousels and car rides.[131] Junior Driving School lets riders navigate a miniature replica of the park[107] and Road Runner Rollercoaster is a 335 m (1,099.1 ft) long Vekoma Junior Coaster.[55] A wild west themed area is located in the southern portion of the park.[124]Wild West Falls Adventure Ride, the area's main attraction, navigates a Native American village and a ghost town, and culminates with a 20 m (66 ft) splashdown drop.[49] DC Comics Super-Villains Unleashed is located along Main Street. The themed precinct features statues of various DC supervillain characters (such as Bizarro and Scarecrow) engaging in criminal acts. An interactive element lets guests purchase RFID wristbands and help the villains destroy the area. The area's main attraction is Doomsday Destroyer, a Suspended Twin Hammer thrill ride.[132][133]
Movie World currently holds two annual events: Fright Nights during the Halloween season and White Christmas during the Christmas season.[146] During Fright Nights, the park sets up various maze attractions, street parades are performed by Halloween characters and night rides are offered on several coasters and attractions.[147][148] It is a consistently popular event, with around 7,000 guests attending each Fright Night evening in October 2017.[149] The park offers a paid Fast Track priority pass[150] and free virtual queueing via mobile app on select attractions.[151] Mobile ordering and virtual queueing via AirService is offered for select food outlets.[152] The Star Tours began in July 2016 and offer a behind-the-scenes look at several attractions. Included in the experience is a climb up Arkham Asylum's lift hill catwalk, Fast Track passes, priority seating for the afternoon parade and other features.[153][154] A climb experience up the 282 steps of DC Rivals HyperCoaster's 61.6 m lift hill began in September 2018.[155]
In celebration of the park's first anniversary in 1992, a daily parade featuring Bugs Bunny and other Looney Tunes characters was held each afternoon from 1 June. In addition, on evenings from June 20, the park presented Illuminanza[j]—a sound and light show featuring Batman and Catwoman—followed by screenings of Batman Returns at the Roxy Theatre. Celebrations concluded by 19 July.[157][158]Easter 1994 was celebrated at the park from 1 to 10 April with the $200,000 Bugs Bunny Megga Easter Party event. An evening parade with more than 140 cast members concluded with a fireworks display.[159] Movie World celebrated its 10th anniversary on 3 June 2001. An anniversary celebration event hosted by B105 FM was held on 4 August. More than 1,000 people attended the event and were treated to live performances by Human Nature, Invertigo, A Touch of Class and Joanne Accom.[160][161] Its first ever Halloween-themed event, Halloween Family Fun Night, was held on 31 October 2006 and offered guests night rides on several attractions.[162] The sold-out event was immediately popular with more than 7,500 attendees, such that it was extended into the following evening.[163][164] It has since become Fright Nights, an annual tradition.[149] In celebration of DC Comics' 75th anniversary in 2010, Movie World held a DC Heroes vs. Villains parade that ran during the June–July school holiday period.[165] Later in the year, the park's first annual White Christmas event began.[166]
Impact
Attendance and financial performance
During its first operational year, Movie World received 1.2 million visitors,[11] exceeding its conservative target of 1 million.[27]Warner Village Theme ParksCEO John Menzies noted that attendance at Sea World and local competitor Dreamworld was consistent with prior years. "So long as the themes are different, parks like this can [proliferate] ad infinitum", he said.[11] Nationwide theme park attendance grew 12% from 1992 to 1993, with Movie World recording 1.3 million visitors during the fiscal year.[167][159] Park general manager Mark Germyn attributed attendance growth in part due to the international market. About 25% of park attendees were overseas visitors and half of these visitors were Japanese. "We're coming on strong in the Asian markets", he said, "including Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand".[159] He further noted strong retail performance at the park, with sales of about 2.6 million units of stock across the park's 25 outlets generation $17 million in revenue.[159] In 1998, marketing manager Ken Minnikin highlighted the success of the company's "3 Park Super Pass",[k] which recorded a 20% sales increase during the Christmas 1997 period over the year prior, and noted the Gold Coast's theme park industry as a major incentive for domestic tourism.[168] By 2000, about one third of park tickets were sold via the "Super Pass" deal, although a 20% decline in attendance that year was attributed to Y2K hysteria.[169]
By the time of its 10th anniversary in 2001, Movie World had received more than 10 million lifetime visitors.[161] International visitation that year was impacted by the September 11 attacks,[65] and although visitation at the park fell slightly during fiscal year 2001, Sea World and Wet'n'Wild received increased attendance and the company's parks division posted an EBITDA rise of 23.1%.[170] In 2003, visitation by international tourists (who at the time accounted for about 40% of annual park visitation) declined by about 50%, with the war on terror and 2002–2004 SARS outbreak cited as key factors. In response, Movie World staggered operations on several rides over a daily rotating basis.[l][171] Visitation from key Asian markets to the Gold Coast had dropped by about 95%, and Village Roadshow emphasised the need to target their domestic market with discounted tickets and Shopa Docketcoupons.[172] According to a 2012 IMETT Group report, the park received more than 1.32 million annual visitors during 2007 (a 5.8% increase from the year prior).[173] Village Roadshow considered Superman Escape and Batwing Spaceshot's opening as contributing factors to that year's increased attendance.[86] The park ranked third in 2007 yearly attendance for Australian theme parks: Dreamworld received 1.36 million visitors (a -1.3% decrease) and Sea World received 1.35 million visitors (a 6.9% increase).[173] By 2016, the park had received an average of 1.4 million visitors per year.[20]
The fallout from Dreamworld's October 2016 Thunder River Rapids incident, in which four patrons were killed,[174] had a significant impact on overall industry attendance and profitability.[175] By January 2017, overall combined attendance at Movie World, Wet'n'Wild and Sea World had dropped -12%.[176] The $30 million investment for DC Rivals HyperCoaster—Australia's first major theme park attraction since the River Rapids incident—inspired Village Roadshow's optimism for a financial turnaround; it was the largest single ride investment in the company's history and Australia's most expensive roller coaster.[111][177] The coaster's opening set a daily park attendance record for the month of September with 11,500 guests.[178][179] By November 2017, to cut debts after a -$66.7 million loss the prior financial year, Village Roadshow sought to sell the 154 ha Oxenford precinct's land through a 90-year leaseback agreement.[180] The land was purchased the following month by LGIAsuper for $100 million.[181] Village Roadshow posted a narrow profit margin of $200,000 in August 2018 and noted that while April school holiday theme park attendance was inhibited by the 2018 Commonwealth Games, July results were strong with high season pass sales and reduced debt through asset sales and share entitlements.[175] In February 2020, Village Roadshow posted an EBITDA increase of 7% to $39 million for the financial half-year and overall attendance at their theme park properties rose 12% to 2.58 million; these results were attributed to a 6% ticket price hike, increased visitation and continued success of Movie World's annual Fright Nights event.[182]
At the 1994 Australian Tourism Awards, the park won the Major Tourist Attraction category.[183] The 1998 awards saw Village Roadshow win the Tourism Marketing and Promotional Campaigns category.[168] At the 2002 IAAPA Awards, Movie World received an honourable mention in the "Best Supervisory Training Program" category.[184]ReviewTyme's Dominic Lacey (writing in 2018) complimented the park's ambience and immersive themed areas. He considered the ride and coaster line-up the park's strongest asset but lamented that in recent history, focus had shifted away from movie-themed attractions and experiences and more towards thrill rides. He found the staff to be friendly and efficient with ride operations, and thought the park overall offers a good whole day of entertainment.[185]Finder.com.au's Chris Stead (writing in 2020) thought the park was laid out well in a compact area but offered minimal shade from the heat and suffered from long queue times during peak periods. He thought that children aged six to ten would have a limited experience unless they were tall enough to brave the bigger rides, and that the park was best suited to adult thrill-seekers or families with teenagers.[150] Both reviewers found the day's entertainment expensive,[185][150] but ReviewTyme's Lacey suggested a multi-pass would offer the best value.[185]
The only notable incident at Movie World occurred on 15 March 2015 and involved Green Lantern Coaster. One car of a train became detached from the rails when a wheel mechanism broke.[186] Although riders were stranded on the ride for several hours and had to be rescued by the fire brigade,[186] there were no major injuries.[187] A subsequent investigation revealed a design flaw in a bolted joint on the wheel assembly.[188] S&S Worldwide redesigned the flawed components, the ride was tested and it reopened to the public on 16 December.[187][99]
^The Warner Bros. license has since been used for several similar theme parks: Warner Bros. Movie World Germany (now operating as Movie Park Germany), which opened at Bottrop-Kirchhellen, Germany, on 30 June 1996;[7][8] Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid (now operating as Parque Warner Madrid), which opened at Madrid, Spain, on 6 April 2002, and;[9]Warner Bros. World Abu Dhabi, which opened at Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on 25 July 2018.[10]
^In December 1984, property developer Keith Williams sold the park to the Sea World Property Trust—a joint venture between Murphyores, Pivot Leisure and Wardley Australia—for $35.77 million.[11] The joint-venture agreement between Pivot, Village Roadshow and Warner Bros. for Movie World's development was announced in July 1989.[12] By April 1992, amid a mounting $106 million debt to the failing Tricontinental bank, Pivot's chairman Peter Laurance was requisited to sell their 66% stake in the Sea World trust to Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow.[13][14][15]
^The park's development had been advertised to Japanese tour operators for at least 15 months before its opening.[25]
^Park attendance in its first year ultimately reached 1.2 million.[11]
^The fifteen live owls used in the show were housed in a $100,000 enclosure.[61]
^Formerly Lethal Weapon – The Ride; renovated and reopened on 7 April 2012.[101][40]
^Illuminanza returned to the park again in 1994.[156]
^The pass allowed guests unlimited entry to Movie World, Sea World and Wet'n'Wild Water World over a four-day period.[168]
^Batman Adventure – The Ride 2, for example, only operated each day from 10-11:15am and from 3-5pm.[171]
^Knight, Elizabeth; Grant-Taylor, Tony (11 June 1994). "How Laurance wheeled and dealed to the top and hack again". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 48, 914. Fairfax Media. pp. 35, 42.
^ abO'Brien, Tim (21 September 1998). "Rio Bravo ride to open at WB Movie World Australia". Amusement Business. Vol. 110, no. 38. pp. 14–15. ProQuest209452962(registration required). ((cite magazine)): Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^Emmons, Natasha (18 September 2000). "Package deals a bright spot for Warner Bros. Down Under themers". Amusement Business. Vol. 112, no. 38. p. 28. ProQuest209429724(registration required). ((cite magazine)): Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^Benz, Matthew (30 September 2002). "Attendance up at Village Roadshow parks". Amusement Business. Vol. 114, no. 39. p. 7. ProQuest209447656(registration required). ((cite magazine)): Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^Zoltak, James (1 September 2003). "Australian parks weather 'perfect storm' with new promos". Amusement Business. Vol. 115, no. 35. p. 3. ProQuest209441156(registration required). ((cite magazine)): Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
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