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((Use mdy dates|date=July 2023))
((More citations needed|date=February 2014))
((Infobox settlement
|name = Washington, Mississippi
|settlement_type = [[Unincorporated area|Unincorporated community]]
|nickname = "Versailles"
|image_skyline = File:Washington, Mississippi.jpg
|image_caption = Historical plaque at Washington
|pushpin_map=Mississippi#USA
|pushpin_label = Washington
|pushpin_relief = yes
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = ((flag|United States))
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = ((flag|Mississippi))
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Mississippi|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Adams County, Mississippi|Adams]]
|government_footnotes = 
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = 
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|timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
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|coordinates = ((coord|31|34|44|N|91|17|57|W|region:US-MS_type:city|format=dms|display=inline,title))
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 39190
|area_code = 
|blank_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank_info = 679358<ref name=GNIS1>((gnis|679358|Washington))</ref>
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info = 
|blank2_name = [[List of highways in Arkansas|Highways]]
|blank2_info = ((Unbulleted list|[[Image:US 61.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 61]]|[[Image:US 84.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 84]]|[[Image:US 98.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Highway 98]]))
|footnotes = 
))

'''Washington''' is an [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated community]] in [[Adams County, Mississippi|Adams County]], [[Mississippi]], United States. Located along the lower [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], ((convert|6|mi|km)) east of [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]], it was the second and longest-serving [[capital city|capital]] of the [[Mississippi Territory]].

==History==
This area along the Mississippi had long been inhabited by [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]]. At the time of European encounter, the [[Natchez people]] controlled much of the area. They were descendants of the earlier Mississippian culture that had built earthwork mounds. European Americans, settling the area after the [[American Revolution]], named the town for [[George Washington]]. Some of the original settlers of the area were Colonel Andrew Ellicott, Joseph Calvit and John Foster.

[[File:Church in Washington, Mississippi (1937).jpg|thumb|left|Methodist Meeting House – the first statehood constitutional convention was held here July to August 1817.]]
Washington became the second territorial [[Capital city|capital]], when the seat of the [[Mississippi Territory]]'s legislature was moved from [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]] to Washington on February 1, 1802. The Mississippi constitution convention of 1817 met in Washington at the Methodist Meeting House (which was purchased by [[Jefferson College (Mississippi)|Jefferson College]] in 1830). Mississippi's first constitution was written and adopted here, and the state's first legislature convened here in 1817. The preliminary trial of U.S. vice-president [[Aaron Burr]] occurred under some nearby oak trees.<ref>((cite web | title = Mississippi Pictorial History, 1798-1937 | publisher = Mississippi Historical Research - W.P.A. Project | date = 1937 | url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/mississippi-dept-of-archives-and-history/23709178713/sizes/l | access-date = 2016-02-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213161433/https://www.flickr.com/photos/mississippi-dept-of-archives-and-history/23709178713/sizes/l | archive-date = 2016-02-13 | url-status = live ))</ref> After Mississippi was admitted to the union in 1817, the legislature met once in Washington, and afterward in Natchez.<ref>J. Michael Bunn and Clay Williams, "Capitals and Capitols: The Places and Spaces of Mississippi’s Seat of Government", ''Mississippi History Now'' [http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/76/capitals-and-capitols-the-places-and-spaces-of-mississippis-seat-of-government] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803171837/http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/76/capitals-and-capitols-the-places-and-spaces-of-mississippis-seat-of-government |date=2015-08-03 ))</ref> The capital was officially moved to [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] in 1822, in keeping with the Act passed by the Assembly on November 28, 1821, which chose to have a more central location for better accessibility to more residents.<ref name="Rowland">((cite book | last = Rowland | first = Dunbar | title = Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form | publisher = Southern Historical Publishing Association | year = 1907 | url = https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/548960-redirection | volume = 2 | page = 933))</ref>

Fort Dearborn, located at Washington, was for a time the largest military installation then extant in the United States, with more than 2,000 soldiers stationed there, including such notables as Brigadier General [[Leonard Covington]] and future General [[Winfield Scott]]. It was established in 1802 to protect the newly relocated capital of the [[Mississippi Territory]].<ref>[[Federal Writers' Project]], ''Mississippi: A Guide to the Magnolia State'', 1938, page 333.</ref>

In 1879, the [[Jesse James]] gang robbed two stores in Washington and in [[Fayette, Mississippi|Fayette]] in [[Jefferson County, Mississippi|Jefferson County]], Mississippi. The gang absconded with $2,000 cash in the second robbery and took shelter in abandoned cabins on the Kemp Plantation south of [[St. Joseph, Louisiana|St. Joseph]], [[Louisiana]]. A posse attacked and killed two of the outlaws but failed to capture the entire gang. Jesse James would live another three years until his demise in [[St. Joseph, Missouri|St. Joseph]] in northwestern [[Missouri]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/madison/bios/snyderjb.txt|title=Jefferson B. Snyder|publisher=[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]], April 15, 1938|access-date=July 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214114141/http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/madison/bios/snyderjb.txt|archive-date=December 14, 2014|url-status=live))</ref>

==Geography==

===Architecture===
[[Elizabeth Female Academy]], considered to be the first women's college in the state, was established at Washington in 1818. For most of its history, it was a degree-conferring college; it closed in 1845. Clear Creek Baptist Church, erected in 1825 and one of the oldest churches in Mississippi, is located in Washington.

In 1836, it was the site of a meeting of the Mississippi Baptist Convention, which was reorganized under President Ashley Vaughn of Natchez. The convention, or association, contained 122 churches, 56 clergy, and 4287 members.<ref>[http://www.stoppingpoints.com/mississippi/Adams/Clear+Creek+Baptist+Church.html "Clear Creek Baptist Church"], Stopping Points.com</ref>

The congregations would have reflected the majority-black population of the area, where most workers on the cotton plantations were slaves. The town also has Washington Methodist Church. These were the two prominent denominations at the time of settlement. Both recruited slaves and accepted blacks as preachers in many locations. Before the [[American Civil War]], both the national Baptist Association and Methodist Church split over the issue of slavery, and southern congregations established separate organizations.((citation needed|date=October 2022))

===Parks===
Washington is the location of [[Jefferson College (Mississippi)|Jefferson College]], now known as Historic Jefferson College. It is operated as a state historic park and museum by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. The college was created by an act of the first General Assembly of the Mississippi Territory in 1802 and was named in honor of [[Thomas Jefferson]], then-president of the United States. Although chartered in 1802, it did not open as a school until 1811. ((citation needed|date=October 2022))

Operated as a boys' academy, it continued in this capacity (but for a few brief, temporary closures, due to war, fire, remodeling and the like) for the next 153 years. It closed its doors for good in 1964. Jefferson College operated mostly as an all-male, college-preparatory academy. For a period it operated as Jefferson Military College, a military-style boarding school for high-school boys. [[Jefferson Davis]] attended Jefferson College as a 10-year-old boy in 1818, when it had the status of a boys' academy. [[John James Audubon]] was a teacher there from 1822 to 1823.((citation needed|date=October 2022))

==Culture== 
Scenes of the [[lost film|lost]] silent Civil War film ''[[The Heart of Maryland (1921 film)|The Heart of Maryland]]'' (1921) were filmed in Washington.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/exhibitorsherald12exhi |title=''Exhibitors Herald'', Jan. 22, 1921, p. 83 |access-date=2017-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317192517/https://archive.org/details/exhibitorsherald12exhi |archive-date=2017-03-17 |url-status=live ))</ref> Some of [[John Ford]]'s film ''[[The Horse Soldiers]]'' (1959), set during the Civil War and starring [[John Wayne]], was filmed here. Portions of [[Disney]]'s movie ''[[The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993 film)|The Adventures of Huck Finn]]'' (1993) were filmed here and in Natchez.

==Notable people==
* [[Thomas Affleck (planter)|Thomas Affleck]] (1812–1868), Scottish-American horticulturist
* [[William Allain|Bill Allain]] (1928–2013), 59th governor of Mississippi, 1984–1988

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

((Adams County, Mississippi))
((Portal bar|Geography|Mississippi))
((Authority control))

[[Category:1802 establishments in Mississippi Territory]]
[[Category:Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1802]]
[[Category:Mississippi populated places on the Mississippi River]]
[[Category:Natchez Trace]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Adams County, Mississippi]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Mississippi]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Natchez micropolitan area]]

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Mississippi"