Washington Gardens (1814 – ca.1829) was a place of public entertainment and refreshment in early 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts. Also known as Vauxhall, it specialized in fireworks, circuses, musical and theatrical performances, pictorial exhibitions, and the occasional balloonist and necromancer. John H. Schaffer oversaw the enterprise beginning in 1814.

History

The name of the business referred to George Washington, in an attempt to uplift to what was basically a party space. "Whatever bears the title of [Washington] must be dear, and indeed invaluable to the American bosom."[1]

Detail of 1814 map of Boston, showing location of Washington Gardens on Common Street

Schaffer advertised frequently in local newspapers. In August 1814, for instance, "J.H. Shaffer respectfully informs his friends and the public that the illumination of the Washington Gardens ... will take place this evening, with such additions and improvements as he flatters himself cannot fail to please the public -- 900 orange transparent lamps and transparencies will be so disposed as to produce the most pleasing effect; the Italian Band of music are engaged to perform for the evening, under the direction of Mr. Massi. Refreshment of every kind with the fruits of the season may be procured at the Gardens. ... Constables will be stationed on the different gates to preserve order."[2]

In the summer of 1815, there were "fire works to be conducted by Monsr. David, celebrated in that art at the Runelagh in England, and the Tivoly Gardens in Paris."[3] A few weeks later appeared "the double French Mosaic, in 20 changes of natural colours, invented by the celebrated artist, Claude Ruggieri, Firework Maker to the ... Bourbons in Paris;"[4] and a few weeks after that "the wings of the windmill of Don Quixote, in the centre of which will be seen a perpetual wheel, intermixed with innumerable colours."[5] Every year July 4th festivities took place in the Gardens—fireworks, concerts, and so on. In 1819 as part of the day-long, citywide activities "the Boston Light Infantry, under Capt. Codman, will appear in uniform, and breakfast at Washington Gardens."[6]

The business received good press. A European visiting Boston around 1820 noted: "Gardens are neither numerous nor noteworthy, but one to which people refer is Washington's Garden, where subscription parties and large regimental dinners are often held."[7] Local press tended towards gushing enthusiasm. "The illuminated scenery, the variegated walks, the romantic arbours, the tasteful decoration of the garden -- the swelling music, the sweet, the gay and cheering song -- the luxuriant refreshment within the house - the order, decency, respectability ... the arrangements made to exclude improper visitants from the garden."[8] Also praised were "the odorous perfumes, the soft thrilling music, and the dazzling brilliants" of "this beautiful retreat, this elysium in miniature."[9]

Gottlieb Graupner directed the house orchestra in 1816.[10] His wife Catherine Graupner, who performed elsewhere in Boston, sometimes sang for the audience at the Gardens.

Customers of the Washington Gardens had access to both indoor and outdoor spaces. Schaffer himself lived on the premises. (Before the Gardens opened, the previous tenant of the site and its building was James Swan).[11][12] In March 1815 Schaffer installed a pavilion that had been part of Boston's celebration of the end of the War of 1812.[13] He added gas lighting in 1817; and in 1819 upgraded the bars ("the different bar rooms are more commodious") and built an amphitheatre.[14]

The new amphitheatre is a neat brick building of one story, with numerous large venetian windows, the wide spaces of which admit a current of air ... so that as much coolness is secured within as even in summer can be desirable. [Inside], the ring for equestrian performances is about 45 feet in diameter - but is covered with a temporary floor on those occasions when riding forms no part of the performance. Twenty-two boxes, supported by ten columns surround the area. ... The house though plain is painted with great spirit and effect -- especially the roof, which is divided into compartments, and has a sky light in the centre, in order to exhibit panoramas, or other paintings during the day. The proscenium is well adapted to the voice - and the stage doors on both sides are neatly decorated by tasteful ornaments. The following motto, not very classical, but appropriate enough, 'Be Merry and Wise' - forms the centre of the frontispiece. The boxes are capable of containing 30 persons each. ... The house when there is no riding is capable of containing at least 1,800 or 2,000 persons.[15]

"In the yard back of Washington Gardens" were auctioned "a valuable flock of sheep" in 1814.[16] There was attached a stable; in the spring of 1816 horses were available to rent[17] or buy ("circus horses ... Venus, Holly, Monarch, Knickerbocker, Favorite and Tom Thumb.")[18]

A fire in Beacon Hill across the Common in 1824 caused "some of the buildings in the Washington Gardens [to take] fire from the burning flakes wafted thither by the wind."[19] However the business survived. It continued on for several years thereafter, dissolving around 1829.[20]

Events

References

  1. ^ Washington Gardens. Independent Chronicle & Boston Patriot; Date: 07-07-1817; p.2.
  2. ^ Brilliant illumination of the Washington Gardens. Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 08-01-1814; p.3.
  3. ^ Boston Patriot; Date: 08-19-1815; p.2.
  4. ^ Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 08-30-1815; p.3.
  5. ^ Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 09-21-1815; p.3.
  6. ^ Boston Intelligencer & Evening Gazette; Date: 07-03-1819; p.2.
  7. ^ Jacques Gerard Milbert in: Constance D. Sherman. Boston from the State House Belvedere a Century Ago. New England Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec., 1959); p.529.
  8. ^ Boston Gazette; Date: 06-29-1815; p.2.
  9. ^ New-England Palladium & Commercial Advertiser. 07-11-1815; p.2.
  10. ^ Boston Gazette; Date: 05-27-1816; p.2
  11. ^ Boston Daily Advertiser, 06-24-1814; p.3.
  12. ^ Swan was later imprisoned in Paris for many years. He was also married to Hepzibah Swan of Boston.
  13. ^ Boston Patriot; Date: 03-01-1815; p.2.
  14. ^ Boston Intelligencer & Evening Gazette; Date: 06-19-1819; p.2.
  15. ^ Boston Intelligencer & Evening Gazette; Date: 07-03-1819; p.2.
  16. ^ Boston Gazette; Date: 10-31-1814; p.3.
  17. ^ A.B. Stimpson. Circus Horses to Let. Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 03-15-1816
  18. ^ A good chance!! Circus horses for sale!!! Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 03-25-1816; p.4.
  19. ^ Salem Gazette; Date: 07-09-1824; p.2.
  20. ^ City of Boston versus John H. Schaffer et al. 1830. Massachusetts reports: cases argued and determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Volume 26; p.415+
  21. ^ Boston Gazette; Date: 07-29-1816; p.3.
  22. ^ Boston Gazette; Date: 09-02-1816; p.3.
  23. ^ Boston Commercial Gazette; Date: 02-25-1819; p.2.
  24. ^ "Boston Intelligencer & Evening Gazette; Date: 07-03-1819; p.2.
  25. ^ New-England Galaxy & Masonic Magazine; Date: 07-30-1819; p.167.
  26. ^ Boston Commercial Gazette; Date: 08-26-1819; p.2.
  27. ^ Boston Intelligencer & Evening Gazette; Date: 09-04-1819; p.3.
  28. ^ Philo Dramatic Society: public night. Boston Patriot & Daily Mercantile Advertiser; Date: 07-15-1820; p.3.
  29. ^ Concert at the Amphitheatre. Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 08-03-1820; p.3.
  30. ^ Boston Commercial Gazette; Date: 08-21-1820; p.3.
  31. ^ Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 06-07-1821; p.3
  32. ^ W. L. Slout. "Olympians of the Sawdust Circle - G". Circus Historical Society.
  33. ^ Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 08-08-1821; p.3.
  34. ^ Ascension of Mr. Guille. Columbian Centinel; Date: 09-01-1821.
  35. ^ Boston Daily Advertiser; Date: 09-04-1821; p.2
  36. ^ Boston Daily Advertiser. June 18, 1823.
  37. ^ Boston Commercial Gazette; Date: 08-23-1824; p.2.
  38. ^ Columbian Centinel, July 2, 1825.
  39. ^ Columbian Centinel, Sept. 3, 1825.
  40. ^ Independent Chronicle & Boston Patriot.; Date: 11-02-1825; p.2.
  41. ^ Eugene Robertson was the son of the Belgian magician and balloonist Étienne-Gaspard Robert. Cf. X. Theodore Barber. Phantasmagorical Wonders: The Magic Lantern Ghost Show in Nineteenth-Century America. Film History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1989); p.82.
  42. ^ Boston Commercial Gazette; Date: 07-03-1826; p.3.
  43. ^ W. L. Slout. "Olympians of the Sawdust Circle - E". Circus Historical Society.

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