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You can view and copy the source of this page:

((short description|Unauthorised changes to the appearance of a website))
((More citations needed|date=December 2012))
[[File:Deface page of Sparked.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Deface page of Sparked, Owner and member of LAPSUS$ GROUP]]
'''Website defacement''' is an attack on a website that changes the visual appearance of a [[website]] or a [[web page]]. These are typically the work of [[hacker (computer security)|defacer]]s, who break into a [[web server]] and replace the hosted [[website]] with [[malware]] or a website of their own. Defacement is generally meant as a kind of electronic [[graffiti]] and, like other forms of [[vandalism]], is used to spread messages by [[politics|politically]] motivated "cyber protesters" or [[hacktivism|hacktivists]].<ref>((cite journal|last1=Romagna|first1=M.|last2=van den Hout|first2=N. J.|title=Hacktivism and Website Defacement: Motivations, Capabilities and potential Threats|journal=Proceedings of the 27th Virus Bulletin International Conference|date=October 2017|pages=41–50|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320330579|access-date=8 October 2017))</ref> Website defacement can involve adding questionable content or removing or changing the content to make it questionable, or including nonsensical or whimsical references to websites or publicly editable repositories to harm its reputation. Methods such as a [[web shell]] may be used to aid in website defacement.

==Common targets==
[[Religion|Religious]] and [[government]] sites are regularly targeted by hackers in order to display political or religious beliefs, whilst defacing the views and beliefs of others.<ref>((cite journal|last1=Aslan|first1=Çağrı Burak|last2=Li|first2=Shujun|last3=Çelebi|first3=Fatih V.|last4=Tian|first4=Hao|date=9 November 2020|title=The World of Defacers: Looking Through the Lens of Their Activities on Twitter|journal=IEEE Access|volume=8|pages=204132–204143|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3037015|ref=aslan|doi-access=free))</ref> Disturbing images and offensive phrases might be displayed in the process, as well as a signature of sorts, to show who was responsible for the defacement. Websites are not only defaced for political reasons; many defacers do it just for the thrill. For example, there are online contests in which hackers are awarded points for defacing the largest number of web sites in a specified amount of time.<ref>((Cite book|last=Hoang|first=Xuan Dau|title=Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology - SoICT 2018 |chapter=A Website Defacement Detection Method Based on Machine Learning Techniques |date=2018|chapter-url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3287921.3287975|language=en|location=Danang City, Viet Nam|publisher=ACM Press|pages=443–448|doi=10.1145/3287921.3287975|isbn=978-1-4503-6539-0|s2cid=56403851))</ref> [[Corporation]]s are also targeted more often than other websites on the [[World Wide Web]] and they often seek to take measures to protect themselves from defacement or hacking in general. Websites represent the image of a company or organisation for whom defacement may cause significant loss. Visitors may lose faith in sites that cannot promise security and will become wary of performing [[online transactions]]. After defacement, sites have to be shut down for repairs and security review, sometimes for an extended period of time, causing expenses and loss of profit and value.

==See also==
*[[Computer crime]]
*[[Cybercrime]]
*[[Vandalism]]
*[[Vandalism on Wikipedia]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[http://archive.<!--remove to access archive-->is/ERzjP/image Screenshot of the SCO website defacement]
*[https://attrition.org/mirror/attrition/ Attrition.org's Mirror Of Defaced Websites]

[[Category:Hacking (computer security)]]
[[Category:Vandalism]]
[[Category:Cybercrime]]

((www-stub))

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