 Carriage procession in an Ascot Landau | |
| Date | 19 May 2018 |
|---|---|
| Venue | St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |
| Location | Windsor, Berkshire, England |
| Participants | |
The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle was held on Saturday 19 May 2018 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in the United Kingdom. The groom is a member of the British royal family; the bride is American and previously worked as an actress, blogger,[1] charity ambassador,[2] and advocate.[3][note 1] On the morning of the wedding, Prince Harry's grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, conferred upon him the titles of Duke of Sussex, Earl of Dumbarton and Baron Kilkeel. Upon her marriage, Markle became a princess of the United Kingdom and gained the style Her Royal Highness and titles Duchess of Sussex, Countess of Dumbarton and Baroness Kilkeel. Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated at the wedding using the standard Anglican church service for Holy Matrimony published in Common Worship, a liturgical text of the Church of England.[4][5] The traditional ceremony was noted for the inclusion of African-American culture.[6]
Prince Harry is the second son of King Charles III (then the Prince of Wales) and Diana, Princess of Wales. He and Meghan Markle, an American actress best known for her role in the Canadian-American legal-drama television series Suits, began their relationship in mid-2016.[7] According to the couple, they first connected with each other via Instagram,[8] though they have also said that they were set up on a blind date by a mutual friend in July 2016.[7][9] The relationship was made public by the press on 31 October 2016,[10] and it was officially acknowledged on 8 November 2016, when a statement was released from the Prince's communications secretary addressing the "wave of abuse and harassment" directed toward Markle.[11]
On 27 November 2017, Clarence House announced that Harry would marry Markle in the spring of 2018.[12] They were engaged earlier in London after Harry asked Markle to marry him in Kensington Palace's north garden.[13] The Prince gave Markle a bespoke engagement ring made by Cleave and Company, the court jewellers and medallists to the Queen, consisting of a large central diamond from Botswana, with two smaller diamonds from his mother's jewellery collection.[14][note 2] At the same time, it was announced that they would live at Nottingham Cottage in the grounds of Kensington Palace following their marriage.[17]
Harry's grandparents Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip expressed their delight at the news, while congratulations came in from various political leaders, including the British prime minister, Theresa May, and the leader of the Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn. After the announcement, the couple gave an exclusive interview to Mishal Husain of BBC News.[17]
During the public announcement of the engagement at Kensington Palace's Sunken Gardens, Markle wore a bottle knee-length emerald green dress with bow detailing at the cinched waist by Italian label P.A.R.O.S.H and a white trench coat by Canadian brand Line the Label.[18][19] Hours after the announcement, the website of Line the Label crashed down due to the number of people who were trying to order the coat.[14][20]
Markle is the second American[note 3] and the first person of mixed race heritage to marry into the British royal family.[21] The engagement announcement prompted much comment about the possible social significance of Markle becoming a proudly mixed-race royal.[22][23][24][25][26]
Under the terms of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, the first six persons in the line of succession require the Sovereign's consent in order to marry. Harry was fifth in line at the time of his engagement.[27] The Queen's consent was declared to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 14 March 2018.[28][29]
Although Markle attended a private Catholic school in her early years, she is not Roman Catholic.[30] On 6 March 2018, she was baptised and confirmed into the Church of England by the archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, at St. James's Palace.[31] Although Markle was divorced, the Anglican Church has permitted marriage to divorced persons with a living former spouse since 2002.[32][33] After the engagement, Markle began the years-long process of becoming a British citizen.[34] She retained her U.S. citizenship during the process,[35] which was expected to create tax complications if she were to acquire dual nationality.[36] The couple was invited to celebrate Christmas 2017 with the royal family at the Queen's Sandringham estate.[37] The official engagement photographs were taken by Alexi Lubomirski (a former assistant to Mario Testino) at Frogmore House, and were issued by Kensington Palace on 21 December 2017.[38] In two of the three photographs that were released to the public, Meghan is shown wearing a black tulle gown with gold embroidery by Ralph & Russo.[38]
To mark the wedding of Harry and Meghan, the Royal Mint produced an official UK £5 coin, showing the couple in profile.[39] In May, a set of commemorative postage stamps, featuring the couple's official engagement photographs, was issued by Royal Mail.[40]
Unlike the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the wedding day of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle was not declared a bank holiday.[41] The wedding was on the same date as the FA Cup Final, which Prince Harry's brother William normally attends in his role as President of the Football Association.[42] Holding the royal wedding on a weekend is a break with the royal tradition of having weddings on a weekday.[43] On 12 February 2018, Kensington Palace announced that the ceremony would commence at 12:00 Midday BST.
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The wedding took place on Saturday, 19 May 2018, at St George's Chapel, Windsor.[44] The chapel had previously been the venue for the weddings of Prince Harry's uncle, the Earl of Wessex, as well as that of his cousin, Peter Phillips, and for the blessing of the marriage of the then Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall, Harry's stepmother.[45]
The royal family announced that they would pay for the wedding.[46] The costs for the cake, the florist, and the catering had been estimated to be £50,000, £110,000, and £286,000 respectively,[47] and the overall cost was expected to be around £32 million.[48] The security costs were expected to be lower than those of the 2011 wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.[49] By the end of May, it was estimated that the security costs were "between £2 million and £4 million". The police and crime commissioner could also apply for special funding if the costs were to exceed 1% of the Thames Valley Police force's annual budget, but at the time the cost was "well below the £4 million required to make a claim".[50] The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead reportedly spent £2.6 million on cleaning the town and roads.[49] It was predicted that the wedding would trigger a tourism boom and boost the economy by up to £500 million.[51] It was later estimated that the wedding generated £1 billion for the British economy, including an additional £300 million brought in by foreign tourists for travel and accommodation and £50 million spent on merchandise and souvenirs.[52]
The wedding invitations specified a dress code for men of "Dress Uniform, Morning Coat or Lounge Suit"; for women, "Day Dress and Hat".[53]
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Further information: Wedding dress of Meghan Markle |
The wedding dress was designed by the British designer Clare Waight Keller under the aegis of the fashion house Givenchy.[54] It was made of "double-bonded silk cady cushioned by an underskirt in triple silk organza" and had a boat neckline, long sleeves and sweeping train.[55][56] The silk veil was 16 feet (4.9 m) long and was embroidered with 55 flowers, representing the 53 countries of the Commonwealth,[55][57] as well as Wintersweet, which grows in front of Nottingham Cottage, where she and Harry lived, and the California Poppy, the state flower of California.[58] It was secured by a diamond bandeau tiara, made in 1932 for Queen Mary and lent to Markle by Queen Elizabeth II.[55][59] The centre brooch had been a wedding gift from the County of Lincoln in 1893. The tiara is a platinum band, made up of eleven sections, a detachable centre brooch with interlaced opals and diamonds.[60] The shoes were also from Givenchy, and had a pointed couture design.[55]
Other ensembles worn by the bride included white gold and diamond earrings and bracelet made by Cartier.[55][59][61] Markle's hair was rolled up with "face-framing fringe tucked behind her ears",[62] and was done by Serge Normant.[63] Dior make-up artist Daniel Martin did Markle's makeup for the occasion.[62][64] The look was described as "a soft brown eyeshadow" with minimal makeup on the face.[62] Her nails were painted in a "neutral pink-y beige" for the ceremony.[65] The bride's bouquet, designed by Philippa Craddock, contained "forget-me-nots, scented sweet peas, lily of the valley, astilbe, jasmine and astrantia, and sprigs of myrtle from a plant grown from the myrtle used in the Queen's wedding bouquet".[55] The flowers were chosen by the groom who handpicked forget-me-nots in honour of his late mother Diana, Princess of Wales.[55][66]
After the wedding the bridal bouquet was placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, following royal tradition that began with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[67] For the customary bridal themes of "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue", Markle had a piece of fabric from Diana's wedding dress sewn into her dress (the "old"), her bracelet and earrings (the "new"), the Queen's tiara (the "borrowed"), and a piece of fabric from the dress she wore on their first date stitched into the veil (the "blue").[68][69][70] The young bridesmaids also wore high-waisted silk dresses designed by Clare Waight Keller which had puff sleeves.[71]
Prince Harry and the Duke of Cambridge wore the frock coat uniform of the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons) in which both were commissioned,[note 4] and Prince Harry served for 10 years, including in combat in Afghanistan.[72] The uniforms were made by Dege & Skinner, gentleman's tailors and uniform makers, of Savile Row, London.[73][74] The groom asked for and received the Queen's permission to keep his beard, as beards are only permitted under exceptional circumstances in the British Army.[72] Prince Harry wore the rank of major with the star of the Royal Victorian Order, of which he is a Knight Commander, along with the ribbons of the Royal Victorian Order, Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan, Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal and Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, and Army Air Corps wings.[75]
Prince William, also with the rank of major, had the EIIR cypher on his shoulder straps and gold aiguillettes on his right shoulder (indicating his position as an aide-de-camp to the Queen), and wore the star of the Order of the Garter, the ribbons of the two jubilee medals, and his RAF wings.[73][76] The pageboys wore uniforms by Dege & Skinner that resembled the uniform of the Blues and Royals worn by the groom and best man. Each page boy had his initials on the shoulders in place of rank badges.[73]
On 26 April 2018, Kensington Palace announced that Prince Harry had selected his older brother, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, as his best man.[77][78] There was initially no confirmation as to whether Prince William would miss the FA Cup Final, which he would normally attend in his role as President of The Football Association, or if he would be able to attend both the wedding and the football match. A statement from Kensington Palace that the timing of the wedding would not clash with the match was released in December 2017.[79] However, it was confirmed that the Duke would not be attending the final that day.[80][81]
There were suggestions that the bride's friend Jessica Mulroney, daughter-in-law of former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, would be her matron of honour.[82][83] In early May 2018, there was confirmation that there would be no maid or matron of honour, and that the bridesmaids and page boys would all be children.[84] A total of ten bridesmaids and page boys were chosen, with the bride and groom each selecting five: two of Markle's godchildren, seven-year old Rylan Litt and her six-year-old sister Remi, as well as Brian, John and Ivy Mulroney, the three children of her friend Jessica Mulroney, were chosen by the bride, while Prince Harry's nephew and niece, Prince George and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, as well as his godchildren Florence van Cutsem, Zalie Warren and Jasper Dyer, were selected by the groom.[85][86]
On 18 May 2018, Kensington Palace announced Prince Charles would accompany Markle down the aisle, after she confirmed her father, Thomas Markle Sr., would not be attending the wedding due to his recent heart surgery.[87][88] The bride spent the night before the wedding at Cliveden House along with her mother, while the groom stayed at Coworth Park Hotel with his brother.[89][90] Markle made her way to the church accompanied by her mother.[91]
Approximately 250 members of the British Armed Forces were involved in the wedding, the majority coming from units that have a connection with Prince Harry:[92]
The wedding service was conducted according to the Christian liturgy for Holy Matrimony as set out in Common Worship of the Church of England, mother Church of the Anglican Communion.[5]
From 8.00 am, the public started to arrive at the grounds of Windsor Castle. The main congregation and the guests[95] all started to arrive at the chapel at 9.30 am, followed by members of the Royal Family. The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh were the last members of the Royal Family to depart for the ceremony, as is tradition, arriving at the chapel at 11.52 am.[96] Shortly after, Markle arrived with the party of junior attendants. She proceeded down the aisle followed by the attendants, where the Prince of Wales met her to escort her through the quire of the chapel. He accompanied her to the altar, where Prince Harry was standing.[97][98]
Prince Harry's maternal aunt, Baroness Fellowes, read a scripture lesson from The Song of Solomon in the Christian Bible. The Dean of Windsor, David Conner, conducted the service with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, performing the marriage ceremony. The sermon was delivered by Michael Curry, presiding bishop and primate of the Episcopal Church (the American member church of the Anglican Communion).[99][100] Curry's 14-minute address, which quoted Martin Luther King Jr., emphasised the redemptive property of love.[101][102] Chaplain to the Queen Rose Hudson-Wilkin and Coptic Orthodox Archbishop of London Anba Angaelos offered the prayers.[103]
The marriage vows were those published in Common Worship, and included the promise "to love and to cherish" each other.[104] This was sealed by the exchange of rings.[104] The wedding rings were created by Cleave and Company, with Markle's ring being fashioned out of Welsh gold and the Prince's ring made of platinum.[105] After the signing of the registers, Harry and Markle together with the guests sang the national anthem. The couple paused briefly to bow and curtsey to the Queen before walking down the aisle.[106] They were followed in procession by other members of the bridal party, and their families.[104] The couple shared a kiss on the steps outside the chapel.[107]
Hymns sung at the wedding included "Lord of All Hopefulness" and "Guide Me, O Thou Great Redeemer".[108] Prince Harry was seen wiping away a tear during the congregational singing of the latter, which was a favourite of his mother, Diana, Princess of Wales, and was sung at her funeral in 1997;[109] it was also the opening hymn to William's wedding in 2011.
Two choirs, an orchestra, the chapel organ, played by Luke Bond, and fanfare trumpeters provided music for the service. The orchestra was made up of musicians from the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, the English Chamber Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra. In addition to the Choir of St George's Chapel, the Kingdom Choir, a gospel group led by Karen Gibson, sang "Stand By Me" in what was described as "an incredible and powerful moment", as the couple were sitting down.[110] The Kingdom Choir was asked by Prince Charles to perform at the service.[111] The State Trumpeters of the Household Cavalry, who played a fanfare, included Kate Sandford, the first female state trumpeter at a British royal wedding.[112] The music was under the overall direction of James Vivian, the chapel's Organist and Director of Music; and the orchestra was conducted by Christopher Warren-Green.[113][114]
The bride walked down the aisle to "Eternal source of light divine" (from Handel's Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne), sung by soprano Elin Manahan Thomas, with the trumpet obbligato performed by David Blackadder.[103] Other music during the service included the motet "If Ye Love Me" by Thomas Tallis; the song "Stand by Me" by Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller and Ben E. King, arranged for choir by Mark Delisser; and "The Lord bless you and keep you" by John Rutter. During the signing of the register, 19-year-old cellist Sheku Kanneh-Mason and the orchestra played Sicilienne attributed to Maria Theresia von Paradis, Fauré's Après un rêve, and an arrangement for cello and orchestra of Schubert's "Ave Maria". For the procession, the musicians performed the Allegro from the Symphony No. 1 in B-flat major by William Boyce and "This Little Light of Mine" by Etta James, Jester Hairston and Harry Dixon Loes.[115]
Following the ceremony, there was a carriage procession through Windsor. Two receptions were held; the first, for those attending the ceremony, was hosted by the Queen and took place in St George's Hall after the carriage procession. Singer Elton John performed for the guests, and the groom and the Prince of Wales each gave a speech.[72] A second reception at Frogmore House, for family and close friends and hosted by the Prince of Wales, occurred later in the day.[99] Harry drove his new wife to the reception at Frogmore in a loaned silver blue Jaguar E-Type Concept Zero.[116]
For the evening reception, the Duchess of Sussex wore a halter-neck, open back dress by Stella McCartney and an emerald cut aquamarine ring formerly belonging to Diana, Princess of Wales.[117][118] George Northwood was her hairstylist for the private party.[118] In a break with tradition, the bride made a speech at the event.[72] The Duke of Cambridge also gave a best man's speech. DJ Idris Elba and The Atlantic Soul Orchestra performed at the event.[119][120][121] Elba, who was invited by Harry, notably played "Still D.R.E." at Meghan's request during the reception.[122] The setlist given to him by Meghan also included Whitney Houston's "I Wanna Dance with Somebody".[123] The event ended with small fireworks displayed above Frogmore House.[124]
The wedding cake was a layered lemon and elderflower cake decorated with peonies in shades of white and cream.[125] The cake designer Claire Ptak, based in London, was chosen in March 2018.[126]
Three official wedding photos were released. They were taken by photographer Alexi Lubomirski at Windsor Castle following the ceremony.[127]
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Main article: List of wedding guests of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle |
In April 2018, it was announced that an "official list" of domestic and international political leaders was not required for the wedding and that Prime Minister Theresa May, Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn, and other leaders would not attend the ceremony. President of the United States Donald Trump and former president Barack Obama were also not invited.[128] This was in contrast to the wedding of Prince Harry's elder brother, which had a large number of such guests due to his position as a future monarch.[129] The decision not to invite political leaders to the wedding was taken in part because of the limitations of the venue, and also took into account Prince Harry's position as sixth in line to the throne.[129] The only politician invited was the former Prime Minister Sir John Major as he previously was "a special guardian on legal matters to Princes William and Harry after the death of their mother".[72]
With a smaller ceremony and reception at St George's Hall, the guest list included approximately 600 people, most of whom have a "direct relationship" with the couple.[130] Also, 200 close friends of the couple were invited to attend the evening reception at Frogmore House.[131] Approximately 1,200 members of the public were invited to greet the couple outside the chapel in the grounds of Windsor Castle.[130] The invitees outside the chapel were "people from charities, Windsor Castle community members, people from the royal households and the Crown Estate, and local school children".[132]
Sarah, Duchess of York, the former wife of Prince Andrew, was invited to the wedding even though she had not been invited to the weddings of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in 2011, Peter Phillips and Autumn Kelly in 2008, or Zara Phillips and Mike Tindall in 2011. However, she was not invited to the evening reception at Frogmore House hosted by Prince Charles and was reportedly "deeply upset" by her omission.[133]
Amongst non-royal notable guests were Harry's friends George and Amal Clooney, Idris Elba, Tom Hardy, James Corden, Sir Elton John, Joss Stone, Will Greenwood, James Haskell, Johnny Wilkinson, Clive Woodward, Nachos Figueras, David and Victoria Beckham, James Blunt, Marcus Mumford and wife Carey Mulligan. Markle's Suits co-stars Patrick J. Adams, Gina Torres, Abigail Spencer, Sarah Rafferty, Rick Hoffman and Gabriel Macht, as well as her non-work friends Serena Williams, Ben and Jessica Mulroney, Jill Smoller, Janina Gavankar, Misha Nonoo and Oprah Winfrey. Two ex-girlfriends of Harry's, Cressida Bonas and Chelsy Davy, were also invited. Members of the Middleton and Spencer families were also present.[134][135][136][137][138]
Foreign royal guests included Prince Seeiso of Lesotho, Harry's friend with which he co-founded the charity Sentebale to help AIDS-stricken orphans in Lesotho, along with his wife Princess Mabereng.[139]
The 2,640 members of the public invited to Windsor Castle for the wedding were gifted gift bags to commemorate the event. The bag had the initials of the couple, date and venue location printed on the exterior. Inside was an order of service booklet for the wedding, a gold chocolate coin, a bottle of water, a fridge magnet, a 20% off voucher for the Windsor Castle gift shop and a tube of handbag shortbread.[140]
In April 2018, the couple requested that, rather than sending wedding gifts, people should make a donation to one of seven charitable organisations, none of which they had a formal association with:[141][142]
The Sytner Group also made a MINI 3dr Hatch known as the Harry and Meghan Royal Wedding Memorabilia Car, which was sold at an auction in 2018 and its proceeds were donated to HIV charities at the couple's request.[143]
Peak viewing figures of 27.7 million were reported in the UK, while the average audience was reported as 11.5 million in the country.[144][145] About 29 million were reported to have watched in the United States, up from the 23 million Americans who watched the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.[146] The global audience was estimated to be in the hundreds of millions.[147]
Coverage of the royal wedding in the UK was shown on BBC One, ITV, Sky News, CNN and E![148] The wedding was also streamed live online on YouTube via the British Monarchy's official The Royal Channel.[149] The BBC's chief news anchor Huw Edwards hosted coverage for BBC TV with Desert Island Discs host Kirsty Young and BBC Radio 2 DJ Dermot O'Leary. The BBC Radio coverage was co-hosted by Claire Balding, Jonny Dymond, Gemma Cairney, Jane Garvey, Paddy O'Connell, Aasmah Mir, Rachel Burden, Alistair Bruce-Ball and Julian Worricker.[150] Phillip Schofield and Julie Etchingham hosted coverage for ITV.[151] Kay Burley, Anna Botting and Alastair Bruce, among others, hosted coverage for Sky.[152] Giuliana Rancic, Sarah-Jane Crawford, Melanie Bromley and Brad Goreski hosted coverage for E!.[153]
CBC broadcast the wedding in Canada with Adrienne Arsenault and retired broadcaster Peter Mansbridge presented live coverage that was simulcast on CBC Television, CBC Radio One and CBC News Network.[154] TVNZ screened it in New Zealand along with SBS and Nine in Australia.[148][155] The wedding received 4 million views in Australia.[156]
In Fiji, Fiji Television broadcast the event via the BBC with coverage starting from 8:30 pm FJT on 19 May and finishing at 12:30 am on 20 May, when it switched back to normal programming.
In the United States coverage aired on ABC, FOX, NBC, CBS, PBS, E!, BBC America, TLC, HBO & CNN.[157] CBS's coverage began at 4 a.m. EDT with CBS Presents "The Royal Wedding"[158] and Gayle King provided commentary during the broadcast. ABC began its coverage at 5 a.m. EDT with a special edition of Good Morning America.[159] NBC aired the ceremony at 4:30 a.m. EDT with a special edition of The Today Show.[160] The pay subscription network HBO hosted a live broadcast titled "The Royal Wedding Live with Cord and Tish!" starting at 7:30 a.m. EDT.[161] The parody hosts were Cord Hosenbeck and Tish Cattigan, played by former Saturday Night Live actors Will Ferrell and Molly Shannon. BBC America provided a live simulcast of BBC One's coverage, albeit with limited commercial breaks.[162]
The wedding was also aired on the Republic of Ireland's national broadcaster RTÉ.[163]
Some media included comments in a "posh" British accent by a self-claimed British expert, Thomas Mace-Archer-Mills, who was later found to be an American.[164]
In April 2020, it was announced that $112,000 in profits from the BBC broadcast of the Duke and Duchess's wedding would be donated to Feeding Britain amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[165]
In his witness statement for his case against News Group Newspapers (NGN), Harry stated that he contemplated the idea of having tabloid journalists blocked from attending his wedding to "force an apology" from NGN for hacking into his phone years earlier.[166] There was no resolution, but while royal reporters and commentators from the UK covered the event they were not allowed inside the chapel.[166]
Traditionally, royal princes have been awarded peerages prior to their marriages; this occurred with both of Prince Harry's uncles, the Duke of York and the Earl of Wessex, as well as his elder brother, the Duke of Cambridge.[167] Hours before the wedding, Prince Harry was granted the titles Duke of Sussex, Earl of Dumbarton, and Baron Kilkeel, and Markle assumed the style "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Sussex" upon marriage.[168]
The wedding was widely reported as being significant for its departure from tradition typically associated with the royal family and for its inclusion of African-American culture in the service.[169][170][171][172][173] It was described as a "landmark for African Americans", for Black British, black and mixed-race women, and for the royal family itself.[174][175][176][177] Other reports cited more limited impact, including that "Markle being biracial as opposed to African American impeded black people embracing her as one of their own".[178][179]
The wedding, particularly Markle's choice of dress, as well as the cake and flowers, were speculated to be influential of the choices of other British brides for their weddings.[180]
The couple delayed their honeymoon until a week after their wedding, to attend various private engagements and Prince Charles' 70th Birthday Patronage celebration at Buckingham Palace on 22 May,[181] their first public appearance as a married couple.[182] Their honeymoon destination was kept private but it was speculated by the press that they would travel to East Africa, as they had for their third date.[183][184][185]
In March 2021, Meghan said in the televised interview Oprah with Meghan and Harry that three days before their public wedding they "got married" in the presence of the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby. "We called the archbishop and we just said, look, this thing, this spectacle is for the world, but we want our union between us," she said. "So the vows that we have framed in our room are just the two of us in our backyard with the Archbishop of Canterbury."[186] The Church of England sources commented that this was not a legally recognised marriage ceremony, which requires two witnesses.[187][188] A spokesperson for the couple again confirmed that they exchanged "personal vows", and the private event was not claimed by them to be a "legal" nor "official" service.[189] The couple's marriage certificate states that they were married on 19 May, with Harry's father and Meghan's mother as witnesses.[189] The Archbishop of Canterbury commented, stating "The legal wedding was on the Saturday [May 19], [when] I signed the wedding certificate."[190] He would not give details of private meetings with the couple, but said he "had a number of private and pastoral meetings with the duke and duchess before the wedding".[190]
