Josiah Wedgwood

The Wedgwood scale (°W) is an obsolete temperature scale, which was used to measure temperatures above the boiling point of mercury of 356 °C (673 °F). The scale and associated measurement technique were proposed by the English potter Josiah Wedgwood in the 18th century. The measurement was based on the shrinking of clay when heated above red heat, and the shrinking was evaluated by comparing heated and unheated clay cylinders. The scale started at 1,077.5 °F (580.8 °C) being 0 °W and had 240 steps of 130 °F (72 °C). Both the origin and the step were later found inaccurate.

History

The boiling point of mercury limits the mercury-in-glass thermometer to temperatures below 356 °C, which is too low for many industrial applications such as pottery, glass making and metallurgy. To solve this problem, the English potter Josiah Wedgwood proposed, in the 18th century, a method to measure temperatures in his kilns.[1] His method and temperature scale were then widely adopted in science and technical applications. They were abandoned after the invention of accurate types of pyrometer, such as the pyrometer of John Frederic Daniell in 1830.[2]

Method

A device for converting the diameter of the annealed clay cylinder into the Wedgwood temperature.

A 0.5-inch-diameter cylinder made from pipe clay was dried at the temperature of boiling water. This would prepare it for heating in the oven in which the temperature was to be measured. During the annealing, sintering (merging) of fine particles resulted in contraction of clay. After cooling, the temperature was evaluated from the diameter difference before and after heating assuming that the contraction is linear with temperature.[3]

To facilitate the temperature calculation, Wedgwood built a device which would directly read the temperature. Two metal bars with scales on them were fixed one above another on a metal plate and inclined at a small angle. The spacing between the bars was 0.5 inches at one end and 0.3 inches at the lower end. The scale was divided into 240 equidistant parts. The unheated piece of clay would fit the 0.5-inch gap giving the zero temperature reading. After annealing, the clay cylinder would shrink and fit somewhere in between the left and right ends of the bars, and the temperature could be read from the scales on the bars.[4][5]

Scale

The origin on the Wedgwood scale (0 °W) was set at the onset temperature of red heat, 1,077.5 °F (580.8 °C). The scale had 240 steps of 130 °F (72 °C) and extended up to 32,277 °F (17,914 °C).[3][6] Wedgwood tried to compare his scale with other scales by measuring the expansion of silver as a function of temperature. He also determined the melting points of three metals, namely copper (27 °W or 4,587 °F (2,531 °C)), silver (28 °W or 4,717 °F (2,603 °C)) and gold (32 °W or 5,237 °F (2,892 °C)). All these values are at least 2,500 °F (1,400 °C) too high.[7]

Corrections

Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau used his pyrometer to evaluate the temperature scale of Wedgwood and came to the conclusion that the starting point should be significantly lower, at 517 °F (269 °C) instead of 1,077.5 °F (580.8 °C), and that the steps should be nearly halved from 130 °F (72 °C) to no more than 62.5 °F (34.7 °C). However, even after this revision the Wedgwood measurements overestimated the melting points of elements.[5]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Chaldecott, J. A. (1975). "Presidential Address: Josiah Wedgwood (1730–95): Scientist". The British Journal for the History of Science. 8 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1017/s0007087400013674. JSTOR 4025813.
  2. ^ Gray, Alonzo (1840). Elements of chemistry: containing the principles of the science, both experimental and theoretical ... p. 39.
  3. ^ a b Dictionary (1867). A dictionary of science, literature and art, ed. By W.T. Brande assisted by J. Cauvin. Ed. By W.T. Brande and G.W. Cox.3 vols. pp. 149–150.
  4. ^ Justus Liebig (Freiherr) (1854). Handwörterbuch der Reinen und Angewandten Chemie ... (in German). pp. 713–714.
  5. ^ a b Natural Philosophy. Volume 2. Popular Introductions to Natural Philosophy. Newton's Optics. Description of Optical Instruments. Thermometer and Pyrometer. With an Explanation of Scientific Terms, and an Index. 1832. pp. 27–30. ISBN 978-0-543-88106-9.
  6. ^ Gehler, Johann Samuel Traugott; Littrow, Karl Ludwig (1834). Johann Samuel Traugott Gehler's physikalisches Wörterbuch: Bd., 1. Abth. (1833) N-Pn; 2. Abth. (1834) Po-R. E. B. Schurckert. p. 986.
  7. ^ Newcomb, Sally (2009-02-15). The world in a crucible: laboratory practice and geological theory at the beginning of geology. ISBN 978-0-8137-2449-2.
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