Wemba-Wemba
Eastern Central Murray
RegionVictoria
EthnicityWemba-Wemba, Nari-Nari, Barababaraba, Wergaia, Wotjobaluk, Marditjali, ?Jardwadjali
Extinct(date missing)[1]
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3xww – inclusive code
Individual codes:
rnr – Nari-Nari
rbp – Barababaraba
weg – Wergaia
xwt – Wotjobaluk
Glottologwest2443  incl. Madhi–Ladji–Wadi
AIATSIS[2]D1
ELPWemba-Wemba
 Nari Nari[3]

The Wemba Wemba language is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language once spoken along the Murray River and its tributaries in North Western Victoria and South Central New South Wales.

Nari Nari, a dialect of Wemba Wemba, is as of 2020 part of a language revival project. Other dialects are Barababaraba and Wergaia.

Jardwadjali (with dialects Jagwadjali, Nundadjali, Mardidjali) may be Wemba-Wemba,[4] or may be closer to the Madhi–Ladji–Wadi varieties.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Velar Dental Palatal Alveolar Retroflex
Stop p k t̪ c t ʈ
Nasal m ŋ ɲ n ɳ
Lateral l ɭ
Rhotic r ɽ
Approximant w j

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close ɪ, i ʊ, u
Mid ɛ, e ə ɔ, o
Open a

Voiced consonant sounds only occur within prenasalized stops. Prenasal consonants include: /mb/ /nd/ /ndy/ /ng/ and /rnd/. In phonetic form they are pronounced as [mb] [nd] [ɲɟ] [ŋɡ] and [ɳɖ].[5]

Vocabulary

Below is a basic vocabulary list from Blake (1981).[6]

English Wemba-Wemba
man beng
woman lerg
mother guinggurin
father mam
head murreng
eye mir
nose ganyug
ear wirimbula
mouth dyarb
tongue dyaling
tooth lia
hand manye
breast gurm
stomach bili
urine gir
faeces guni
thigh gareburdug
foot dyine
bone merderug
blood gurg
dog wilgar
snake gurnwil
kangaroo gure (grey), bara (red)
possum wile
fish yauwirr
spider wirimbeliny
mosquito liri
emu dyurung-wil
eaglehawk banggel
crow wa
sun nyaui
star durd
stone la
water gaden
camp lar
fire wanab
smoke burd
meat benggug
stand dyerriga
sit nyengga
see nyaga
go yangga
get garga
hit daga (barrangguna 'kill')
I yandang
you ngin
one gebin
two buledya

Influence on English

At least four botanical terms in Australian English are thought to have been introduced into local speech from Wemba-Wemba:

Language revival

As of 2020, the Nari Nari dialect[9] is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".[10]

External links

References

  1. ^ "D1: Wemba Wemba". Austlang. AIATSIS. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  2. ^ D1 Wemba-Wemba at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  3. ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Nari Nari.
  4. ^ R. M. W. Dixon, Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development: v. 1 (Cambridge Language Surveys). Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1
  5. ^ Hercus, Luise A. (1992). Wembawemba Dictionary.
  6. ^ Blake, Barry J. (1981). Australian Aboriginal languages: a general introduction. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers. ISBN 0-207-14044-8.
  7. ^ a b c Clarke, Philip A. (2008). Aboriginal Plant Collectors: Botanists and Australian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century. Rosenberg. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-877058-68-4. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  8. ^ Oxford Dictionary of English, p 2,054.
  9. ^ "D9: Nari Nari". Austlang. AIATSIS. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  10. ^ "Priority Languages Support Project". First Languages Australia. Retrieved 14 January 2020.


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