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((short description|Parade in New York City))
((Use mdy dates|date=July 2019))
((Infobox music festival
| name = Labor Day Carnival
| image = West Indian Day Parade 2008.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The West Indian Day Parade marching by the [[Brooklyn Museum]]
| years_active =1930s–present
| founders =
| genre =
| attendance =
| capacity =
| dates = [[Labor Day (United States)|Labor Day]]
| location =
| website =http://wiadcacarnival.org/
))
The '''West Indian Day Parade Carnival''' is an annual celebration of [[West Indian]] culture, held annually on around the first Monday of September in [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]. It is organized by the West Indian American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA).

The main event is the '''West Indian Day Parade''' (also known as simply the '''[[Labor Day]] Parade'''), which attracts between one and three million participants.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ourbrooklyn/carnival/ |title=Our Brooklyn - West Indian Carnival History |website=www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207083254/http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ourbrooklyn/carnival/ |archive-date=2006-02-07)) </ref> The spectators and participators watch and follow the [[parade]] on its route along [[Eastern Parkway]]. Some of the [[Caribbean]] islands represented in the parade include [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Haiti]], [[Barbados]], [[Dominica]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Grenada]], along with some [[Afro-Panamanians]]. Mainland Caribbean countries such as [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[Belize]] also participate as well.

==History==
((more citations needed|section|date=January 2017))

===Start in Harlem===
[[File:NYC West Indian Day Parade Shankbone 2009.jpg|thumb|Woman in costume in the 2009 [[New York City]] parade.]]
[[File:David Dubinsky, Nelson Rockefeller, and Robert Wagner watch the 1959 Labor Day parade.jpg|thumb|[[David Dubinsky]], [[Nelson Rockefeller]], and [[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]] watch the 1959 Labor Day Parade|right]]

[[Jessie Waddell]] and some of her West Indian friends started the [[Carnival]] in [[Harlem]] in [[Upper Manhattan]], New York City, in the 1930s by staging [[costume parties]] in large, enclosed places such as the [[Savoy Ballroom|Savoy]], [[Renaissance Ballroom|Renaissance]] and [[Audubon Ballroom]]s due to the cold wintry weather of February.<ref>[http://wiadcacarnival.org/about-us/ ABOUT US] WIADCA West Indian American Day Carnival Associaltion</ref> This is the usual time for the pre-[[Lenten]] celebrations of the [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival]] and other related celebrations around the world. However, because of the very nature of Carnival, and the need to parade in costume to music, indoor confinement did not work well.<ref>[https://rove.me/to/new-york/west-indian-day-parade "West Indian Day Parade".]</ref>

The earliest known Carnival street parade was held on September 1, 1947. The [[Trinidad Carnival Pageant Committee]] was the founding force behind the parade, which was held in Harlem. The parade route was along [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]], starting at 110th St.

The first Carnival Queen was [[Dorothy Godfrey]]. The Committee raised money to finance the parade. They sold advertisement space and boosters, that were printed in a Souvenir Journal for West Indies Day, a booklet which is a memento of that first parade. Jessie Waddell Compton is presented in the journal as the person "whose inspiration and enterprise" was owed to the formation of this committee. The committee consisted of Waddell Compton (Chairman), [[Ivan H. Daniel]] (Vice Chairman), [[Conrad Matthews]] (Treasurer), [[Roy Huggins]] (Secretary), [[and Robert J. Welsh]] (Assistant Secretary). Each member of the committee contributed in helping to organize the parade. The after-parade party, which the Trinidad Carnival Pageant Committee held at the [[Golden Gate Ballroom]], was arranged by [[James M. Green]], another figure who helped make the first Carnival Parade in Harlem successful.

=== Move to Crown Heights ===
The permit for the Harlem parade was revoked in 1964. Five years later, a committee headed by Carlos Lezama, which eventually became the West Indian-American Day Carnival Association, obtained approval for the parade to be established on Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn, where it remains today.<ref>[http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/ourbrooklyn/carnival "Our Brooklyn: West Indian Carnival"]. Brooklyn Public Library. 2005. Retrieved January 20, 2011.</ref><ref>Peter Manuel: ''Popular Music of the Non-Western World''. p. 73, last paragraph, p. 74.</ref>

In 2020, the parade was cancelled due to [[COVID-19]] by order of Mayor of New York [[Bill de Blasio]], who canceled all permits for large-scale events through September 2020. The parade was replaced by a [[virtual event]].<ref name=":0">((Cite web|date=2021-08-18|title=New York's West Indian Day Parade canceled over COVID concerns|url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/new-yorks-west-indian-day-parade-canceled-over-covid-concernts/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=PIX11|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=West Indian Day Parade Cancellation Devastates Designers|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/07/11/west-indian-day-parade-canceled|first=Alyssa|last=Paolicelli |date=July 10, 2020|access-date=2021-08-20|website=www.ny1.com|language=en))</ref> While the parade did plan to return for 2021, on August 18 that year the WIADCA announced that the parade itself would once again be cancelled due to COVID-19 uncertainties, but that it would still hold a mix of in-person and streaming events, including several being held at the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref>((Cite web|last=King|first=Nelson A.|title=WIADCA welcomes back patrons for NY Carnival Week|url=https://www.caribbeanlifenews.com/wiadca-welcomes-back-patrons-for-ny-carnival-week/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=Caribbean Life News|date=August 19, 2021 |language=en-US))</ref><ref name=":0" />

==In popular culture==
Many [[Calypso music|calypso]] and [[Soca music|soca]] songs from Trinidad make reference to the Labor Day Carnival, including "Gun Play in de Parkway" by [[Calypso Rose]], "Melee (on the Eastern Parkway)" by Maestro, Labor Day Jam by the Guyanese superstar, Slingshot, and "Labor Day in Brooklyn" by the [[Mighty Sparrow]]. [[Jay-Z]] mentions the Labor Day Carnival on his hit song "[[Empire State of Mind]]" (2009), when he says "3 dice Cee-lo, 3 card monte, Labor Day Parade, rest in peace Bob Marley". There are also popular Haitian bands with their powerful [[meringue]]-''[[compas]]'' music on the parkway, such as [[T-Vice]], [[Tabou Combo]], Konpa Kreyol/Kreyol La, [[Michel Martelly|Sweet Micky]], Phantoms, Carimi, Djakout, D.P. Express and many more popular bands.((citation needed|date=March 2013))

== Incidents ==
((Main|Crime in New York City))
A string of fatal and non-fatal shootings and stabbings has occurred on and near the parade route in recent years, both during and following the parade.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/05/nyregion/searching-for-answers-after-violence-again-mars-west-indian-parade.html&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink "Searching for Answers After Violence Mars Parade"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' September 4, 2012</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/nyregion/two-men-fatally-stabbed-as-violence-again-follows-west-indian-day-parade.html&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink "Two Are Fatally Stabbed and Two Are Shot as Violence Follows Parade"], ''The New York Times'', September 3, 2012.</ref>

In 2003, a man was fatally shot and another was stabbed in the neck.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803EFD6153CF937A35753C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink "Brooklyn Man Held In Killing at Parade"], ''The New York Times'', October 4, 2003</ref><ref>McClam, Erin, [http://www.heritagekonpa.com/archives/labor%20day%20carnival%202003%20marks%20by%20violence.htm "Violence mars Caribbean parade honoring slain councilman"]. ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620134432/http://www.heritagekonpa.com/archives/labor%20day%20carnival%202003%20marks%20by%20violence.htm |date=June 20, 2007 )) ''Associated Press'', 2003.</ref>  In 2005, one man was shot and killed along the parade route.  In 2006, one man was shot and another was stabbed.  At the 2007 parade, there was only one official report of violence, when a man was shot twice in the leg.<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/article/61826 "Man Shot Twice At West Indian Day Parade"] ''[[The New York Sun]]'' September 4, 2007</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2007/09/04/west_indian_day.php "West Indian Day Parade Dazzles Again"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723134339/http://gothamist.com/2007/09/04/west_indian_day.php |date=July 23, 2008 )) ''Gothamist LLC.'' September 4, 2007.</ref> However, a different man (named Nathaniel Smith) was shot and killed in the 2007 parade.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.mmdnewswire.com/acquitted-of-murder-4811.html|title=Brooklyn man defended by Attorney Emmanuel Roy of Soleil Roy Rahim & Galloway, PC. is acquitted of murder|work=mmdnewswire.com|access-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130827201740/http://www.mmdnewswire.com/acquitted-of-murder-4811.html|archive-date=August 27, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref> In 2011 pre-dawn marches took a violent turn with the murder of one person, five instances of gunshot victims and three instances of stabbings coupled with sporadic shooting at crowds of people.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.crownheights.info/index.php?itemid=37470|title=CrownHeights.info - Chabad News, Crown Heights News, Lubavitch News •|work=CrownHeights.info - Chabad News, Crown Heights News, Lubavitch News|access-date=September 18, 2015))</ref>

Following the 2011 parade, Yolanda Lezama-Clark, The President of the West Indian American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA) and other New York City officials condemned the one or two incidents that took place at the parade.<ref>((cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kX8jzjF_P2U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/kX8jzjF_P2U |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=WIADCA Responds To Reports Of Parade Violence|date=September 8, 2011|work=YouTube|access-date=September 18, 2015))((cbignore))</ref>

Additionally during the 2011 West Indian Day Parade in Brooklyn, New York City councilman [[Jumaane Williams]] along with a few others were arrested for walking along a closed-off sidewalk, after stating he had received permission to do so from other officers.<ref>((cite news| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/09/05/2011-09-05_councilman_jumaane_williams_arrested_after_altercation_with_nypd_at_west_indian_.html?r=news | location=New York | work=Daily News | first1=Reuven | last1=Blau | first2=Jennifer H. | last2=Cunningham | first3=Lukas I. | last3=Alpert | first4=Bill | last4=Hutchinson | title=Councilman Jumaane Williams arrested after altercation with NYPD at West Indian Day Parade: cops | date=September 5, 2011))</ref>

Several violent incidents took place after the official end of the 2012 parade. In separate incidents, two people were fatally stabbed, and two others were shot.<ref>((cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/nyregion/two-men-fatally-stabbed-as-violence-again-follows-west-indian-day-parade.html?hpw | location=New York | newspaper=The New York Times | first1=Liz | last1=Ruben | first2=Randy | last2=Leonard |title=Two Men Fatally Stabbed and Two are Shot as Violence Follows Parade | date=September 4, 2012))</ref> In 2013, two men were murdered and a further three individuals were wounded in several shootings.<ref name="New York Post">((cite news|last=Velez|first=Natasha|title=2 dead, 3 injured following West Indian Parade: Police|url=https://nypost.com/2012/09/04/2-dead-3-injured-following-west-indian-parade-police/|newspaper=New York Post|date=September 4, 2013))</ref>

On September 7, 2015, a pre-parade [[J'ouvert]] celebration was marred by violence when, at 3:41&nbsp;a.m., gunfire hit lawyer Carey Gabay in the head. Gabay was an aide to [[New York Governor]] [[Andrew Cuomo]] and first deputy counsel at [[Empire State Development Corporation]]. Gabay died nine days later. The shooting was one of several violent episodes, including a fatal stabbing, in the hours before the parade.<ref>((cite web
| url        = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-new-york-parade-idUSKCN0R71O420150907
| title      = Man shot in head before Brooklyn parade is reportedly Gov. Cuomo aide
| work       = Reuters
| date       = September 7, 2015
| access-date = 2015-09-07
))</ref><ref>((cite web
| url        = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/nyregion/cuomo-administration-lawyer-is-shot-in-the-head.html
| title      = Cuomo Administration Lawyer Is Shot in Head Before West Indian Day Parade
| newspaper  = The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Schwirtz
| date       = September 7, 2015
| access-date = 2015-09-09))</ref><ref name="Gabay">((cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/09/17/aide-to-new-york-governor-shot-before-parade-dies/ |title=Aide to New York governor shot before parade dies|work=[[Fox News]] |date=September 17, 2015 |access-date=September 17, 2015))</ref>

On September 5, 2016, during pre-parade celebrations, two people were shot and killed and five others wounded in attacks. The attacks occurred despite the NYPD doubling the number of officers patrolling the neighborhood, installing 42 new security cameras and erecting 200 light towers. Police also distributed fliers, in conjunction with community groups, with a blunt message: "This community will no longer tolerate this violence. Do not shoot anyone. Do not stab anyone."<ref>((cite web
| url        = https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/09/05/nyregion/ap-us-nyc-caribbean-festival.html
| title      = 2 Shot to Death at Carnival Before NY West Indian Day Parade
| work       = The New York Times
| date       = September 5, 2016
| access-date = 2016-09-05))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Caribbean Carnival]]
* [[J'ouvert]]
* [[Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival Toronto]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))
* ((cite book|author=Manuel, Peter|title=Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1995|isbn=1-56639-338-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/caribbeancurrent00manu))

==External links==
((Commons category))
* [http://www.wiadca.com/ "West Indian-American Day Carnival Association" (WIADCA)] official website
* [http://www.nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey=431 "Maps & Neighborhoods - Brooklyn"], from the official [http://www.nycvisit.com "NYC & Company"] website
* [http://www.visitbrooklyn.org/calendar.html#sep "Brooklyn NY Festivals, Fairs & Events: September"] from the official [http://www.visitbrooklyn.org "Brooklyn Tourism and Visitors Center"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502054553/http://www.visitbrooklyn.org/ |date=May 2, 2020 )) website
((Carnival around the world))

[[Category:Caribbean-American culture in New York City]]
[[Category:Carnival in the United States]]
[[Category:Parades in New York City]]
[[Category:Summer events in the United States]]
[[Category:Festivals of Caribbean culture abroad]]

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