National park of New Zealand
The Whanganui National Park is a national park located in the North Island of New Zealand. Established in 1986,[1] it covers an area of 742 km2 bordering the Whanganui River.[2] It incorporates areas of Crown land, former state forest and a number of former reserves. The river itself is not part of the park, but is a popular paddling route titled the Whanganui Journey, one of New Zealand's "Great Walks".[3][4] The New Zealand Department of Conservation highlights Whanganui National Park as being the National Park most closely tied to human settlement.[5]
History
Use by Māori
The Whanganui river was a major trade and communication route for Māori, and would have been the main route into the central North Island. The river was once home to a network of pā alongside the river banks throughout what is now the Whanganui National Park.[6] This was called ‘the plaited rope of Hinengākau’, named for a Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi ancestor.[7][8]
The mid to late 19th century also saw the growing of wheat, and between the 1840s and 1860s flour mills were built to process this into flour that could be traded.[9]
Early Pākehā
After the arrival of European settlers, Whanganui played a significant role for both Māori and European religious communities. In the 1840s there was widespread conversion to Christianity, which led to the establishment of Christian communities and building of chapels along the river. Likewise this area was also visited by followers of the Pai Marire religion who had settlements nearby.[9][10]
Notable Features
Bridge to Nowhere
From 1917 onwards, retired serviceman returning from World War 1 were offered discounted land, and loans for development, as part of the Soldier-Settler Scheme.[11] This included land within the Mangapurua and Kaiwhakauka valleys within what is now the park. In 1919 a wooden swing bridge was constructed, which was replaced with a reinforced steel bridge in 1936. At the most populous point there were 30 farms in Mangapurua and 16 in Kaiwhakauka, however by 1942 only three farmers remained, and two years later the area was unpopulated. This decline was due in part to hardships of the land, including flooding and erosion, problems also experienced by Soldier-Settler Scheme recipients elsewhere. Today the bridge is used by park visitors and maintained by the Department of Conservation.[12]
Ecology
Flora
Whanganui National Park protects a large area of lowland forest and important habitat for native wildlife.
There are numerous stands of podocarp-hardwood forest made up of species including Kāmahi and tawa, with rimu, mīro and tōtaraus on steeper terrain.[13] In lower-lying areas near the river kahikatea, mataī and nīkau palm can be found. Large northern rātā grow throughout the park.[citation needed]
Fauna
Many species of birds can be found throughout the park. The park protects the habitat of several thousand threatened North Island brown kiwi and the endangered blue duck (whio). Other birds that frequent the park include the grey warbler, yellow-crowned kākāriki, New Zealand falcon (kārearea), New Zealand pigeon (kererū), Rifleman (tītipounamu), silvereye, tomtit, tūī and whitehead.[4][13]
Many species of native fish inhabit the Whanganui River that runs through the park, where native freshwater crayfish (kōura), black flounder, pouched lamprey and eels are also present.[13]
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